The Effects Of War On Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Veterans make up 7.3 percent of living Americans or about 22 million individuals and .4 percent are currently active duty according to Veteran Affairs data(2014). 3.9 million are current day veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom/ Enduring Freedom. Veterans are a minority within our country but have a much higher prevalence for substance abuse disorder and post traumatic stress disorder. The direct psychological impact of war can be seen especially in veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Around 20 percent of veterans come home with Post traumatic stress disorder, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and substance abuse disorder which is usually co morbid with the illness. Many veterans, while they are in the†¦show more content†¦The data from this report is telling us that alcohol will increase in quantity and use after exposure to combat or extreme stress and the abuse of alcohol will more then likely continue in veterans as they try to re integrate into civilian world. One third of veterans with PTSD will not receive the proper care or treatment and and a disturbing amount of 84 percent of veterans will not have their needs met in the treatment of AUD. This makes you wonder what the VA is really taking care of as this is the biggest health issue concern among veterans. Why does Veterans Affairs ignore the fact that AUD is one of the leading causes of suicide? There are 22 veteran suicides completed on a daily basis and this number is smaller than the true number as this is from veterans who are actually registered in the Veteran Affairs health system (Subhajit Chakravorty et al. 2014). The following are the leading factors leading to veteran suicide: The use of drugs and alcohol, male, white, married or separated, and having an mental health disorder. With the high risk factor for alcohol abuse you can correlate that it is related to suicide through a study that involved approximately 300 veterans who were being seen for depre ssion and who eventually completed suicide. These cases all involved alcohol dependencies as a severe risk factor (Subhajit Chakravorty et al. 2014). A huge risk factor caused by alcohol is the development of insomnia. According toShow MoreRelatedThe Consequences of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder1621 Words   |  6 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a medical condition that many people suffer from at different ages. Most of the people that have suffered from PTSD have done so due to a major trauma that occurred at some point in their life. Even though the trauma could have happened months or even years earlier, the symptoms can come back when an event or the anniversary of the trauma triggers the memory of the traumatic event. Some of the traumas that cause post-traumatic stress disorder are rapeRead MoreZiek Sanchez. Massie And Perry . Pd. 3. April 12, 2017.1113 Words   |  5 PagesZiek Sanchez Massie and Perry Pd. 3 April 12, 2017 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder From The Vietnam War The Vietnam war was one of the most alarming and dangerous wars to fight. Every step in the Vietnam jungle was taken cautiously. The guerrilla warfare used by the Vietcong was frightening to anticipate. The majority of the United States army was only that of young men who had been chosen through the draft. Young men going to school and living a life at home in safety all the sudden having to makeRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1519 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder It is common for individuals who have gone through a traumatic experience to feel many types of emotions, to include distress, fear, helplessness, guilt, shame or anger. The individual may begin to feel better after just a few days or weeks, but sometimes these feelings don’t go away. If the symptoms last for more than a month, they may be experiencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD and should seek professional help. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, once knownRead MorePTSD Research Paper1674 Words   |  7 PagesSykes English III Honors 7 April 2014 Living with Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder Today, hundreds of thousands of service men and women and recent military veterans have seen combat. Many have been shot at, seen their buddies killed, or witnessed death up close. These are types of events that can lead to Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD: A Growing Epidemic. â€Å") Anyone that has gone through a traumatic event can be diagnosed with PTSD but research shows, militaryRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy lif e. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )961 Words   |  4 Pages Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder dates back to the war days. Although having this disorder was never documented it was seen in many soldiers during and after the war. The disorder didn’t have an official title. It was known as â€Å"shell shock†, â€Å"exhaustion† and â€Å"battle fatigue.† The disorder affected many soldiers during wars, not only physically but also their reputation. Many soldiers would have emotional breakdowns due to the disorder and some would flee the frontRead MoreHell And Back Again : Movie Analysis1208 Words   |  5 Pagesprovides a documentary that assesses the impacts of war on a wounded veteran as he struggles with the challenges of shifting to civilian life. In examining these effects, the movie includes an exceptionally depiction of the unusual drama of war and the less outrageous experience of adjusting to civilian life as the character returns home. The movie is considered as one of the best movies that shows the plight of veterans during and after engagement in war. Even though there have been various combat documentariesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )990 Words   |  4 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by chronic physical arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts and images of the traumatic event, and avoidance of things that can call the traumatic event into mind (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2014). About 7 percent of Americans suffer from PTSD. Family members of victims can also develop PTSD and it can occur in people of any age. The diagnosis for PTSD requires one or more symptoms to beRead MorePtsd Is A Whole Body Tragedy, An Integral Human Event Of Enormous Proportions With Massive Repercussions Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesVeterans returning from war should be able to overcome post-traumatic stress disorder by going to health professionals or getting help with counseling. What is PTSD? Post-traumatic stress disorder is a life-threatening exposure in which an individual experiences a flashback to a traumatic event, such as war. Combat often substantially affects the soldier’s minds, but post-tr aumatic stress disorder can follow after a personal assault too (Wiley, 875). Post-traumatic stress disorder develops in responseRead MoreA Brief Note On The Traumatic Stress Disorder1568 Words   |  7 PagesPost- traumatic stress disorder often get looked over by doctors and people go untreated. With passing time the fear might go away, but what happen when the constant fear take over. That was the case for a student in a psychology class I was taking. The instructor was going over anxiety and a young man told the class about how when he was in the army. The car he and some of the other soldiers was driving, they were doing the daily drive they accidentally drove over a bomb that explode the front of

The Safety Insecurities Of Public Drinking - 1786 Words

Title: The safety insecurities of public drinking in undergraduate students Aims objectives This project aims to generate awareness and new knowledge on the insecurities of safety faced by undergraduate students drinking in public settings by examining the experiences and awareness associated with such habits amongst undergraduate students. specific objectives include: identifying safety insecurities associated with drinking, identifying factors which lead/ influence public drinking, identifying common levels of alcohol consumption, the age of participants, mental and physical risks associated with public drinking and framings for prevention of health and safety risks of public drinking. Literature review Alcohol consumption is a major issue amongst university students, there are dangers involved with such actions that lead to both short and long term consequences (Polak Conner, 2012). Despite these factors, (Kim et al.,2009; Morton Tighe, 2011) observed that alcohol consumption was prevalent in 67% of students due to university culture and more common amongst second year undergraduates. Morton and Tighe (2011) also found, reasons for alcohol consumption were socialisation (to fit in), student alcohol promotions and to gain enjoyment .Therefore it is inevitable that students feel obliged by peers and social norms to consume alcohol at some stage of there undergraduate careers, Pichini et al. (2013) found that this will most probably occur in a public setting e.g.Show MoreRelatedGlobal Data On Visual Impairment1144 Words   |  5 Pagesdisposal systems in Nigeria. Environmental Technology.14: 957-964/////////////////////////////////////////////// Sasaki, S., Suzuki, H., Fujino, Y and Cheelo, M (2009) â€Å"Impact of drainage networks on cholera outbreaks in Lusaka Zambia.† Am. 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Deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals are widespread in India and anaemia is a major public health problem. Nearly 82 percent of children below 3 years and 55 percent of women of reproductive age are anaemic. India has witnessed impressive economic growth in the recent times and has achieved much in many fronts. However, the progress inRead MoreRape And Social Development Programs1519 Words   |  7 Pagesthat sexual assault is one of the most common offences in Canada. In 2009 in Canada, women self-reported 472,000 sexual assaults even though Statistics Canada reported that the majority of women do not actually report sexual assaults. The Women s Safety Project survey, 1993, found that 69% of women reported having been sexually assaulted in childhood also reported having been sexually assaulted after the age of 16 (Justice Canada, n.d.). 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According to Ofer Zur (2011), Some of the most important issuesRead MoreCommon Issues Affecting Teenagers in Today’s Society and Generation3061 Words   |  13 PagesGeneration Background of the study: Now that we are well into the new Millennium society has begun to recognize serious concerns with issues that teenagers have to deal with today. Some issues have always been there but are now coming to the eyes of the public to find solutions. Other issues are new trends as society begins to adapt to a faster pace of life. This study will define the common issues that the teenagers are facing in today. According to Ofer Zur (2011), Some of the most important issues facingRead More Masculinity At Its Straightest Essay1870 Words   |  8 Pagesmany people to comment that they believe the fraternity participating in such things has many closet homosexuals. 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The West A Narrative History - 1187 Words

The oil on canvas landscape painting does not reveal the name of the painter, but instead it leaves the observer with several explicit and implicit clues which may lead the viewer a step closer to its creator and its reason for existing. Additionally knowing that the painting was created in France sometime around the mid 17th century narrows it down to a few possible influencing eras. Moreover, having the freedom as a spectator to make assumptions based on legitimate evidence lead me to think critically and got me to figure out the painter’s background information, intended audience, intentions, and etc. The artist’s past can easily be understood due to the fallen Greek-Roman looking architectural structures found lying in front of the sitting man. These kind of constructions weren’t common in mid 17th century France, unlike ancient Greece and Rome. A. Daniel Frankforter, and William M. Spellman, in their book â€Å"The West: A Narrative History, Volume Two: Sin ce 1400 (3rd Edition)† states that â€Å"Excavations at two buried Roman towns near Naples, Herculaneum, and Pompeii, fascinated the reading and traveling public and became â€Å"must see† for aristocratic gentlemen making the â€Å"grand tour† of Europe’s cultural sites.† (494). I believe that the artist had to personally experience the â€Å"grand tour†, because only a strong familiarized individual could successfully revive classical Greek and Roman characteristics and fuse them together with several other styles into one marvelous pieceShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis Of Lewis And Clark1630 Words   |  7 Pagessimply as the West. This common narrative of the West can be seen in movies, television, and artwork from around the globe. However, many parts of this narrative can be far from reality. 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Every generation inherits the problems of their parents. Each generation that inherits dysfunctions from their parents have to break free and create a new narrative for themselves like Victor and the way Alexie uses poetry as narrative his film. Read MoreThe Evolution Of Poverty During The Civil War1654 Words   |  7 Pages THE EVOLUTION OF POVERTY IN AMERICA Missy Worrells Modern History 1073 November 19, 2014 â€Æ' The Evolution of Poverty in America Poverty is a hardship that has existed in every milestone of American history. War impacted the economy of the country after the Civil War. The twentieth century would see wars, natural disasters, and economical depressions that contributed to the developing culture of poverty. Poverty in any time period is a shattering experience. While being poor

Options For Elderly Living Persons Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction Populating in places is one of the best methods available for those people who leave at place. Aged life represents new challenges to our societies hapless and rich. The challenges associated with aged life are alone since the aged life are traveling off from active life to inactive life. It is worrying for those households who do non take attention of the aged people with the sort of earnestness they deserve. 1. 1 Statement of the job There are many options for aged life individuals in rural countries. this aged people need particular attending as compared to the immature and strong individuals. No affair the type of agreement the aged individual faces particular challenges particularly those populating in rural countries. The challenges they face include particular attention in footings of wellness. It can non get away the attending of authorities and assorted bookmans who have carried out research in relation to life among the aged individuals. What am stating is that the options available for aged individuals populating in rural countries is non limited to there picks but besides picks of other people. There lifestyles is ever affected by the determinations made by others particularly if they do non populate under pension or they had no saved retirement income which they are utilizing. This means the American is faced with a crisis of taking attention of the elderly individuals and those in rural countries are the worst affected. In rural countries household members should take up the duty to analyse and set up the demands of the aged individuals. The elderly individuals with beginnings of income they besides need some aid which ranges from taking attention of their assets helping them come ining into contracts incase they want to come in into contracts. pull offing at that place places and bettering at that place lifestyles. This calls for a serious and attentive step to be implemented by authorities and household members and other community based establishments to help them go forth comfortably. 2. 0 Literature reappraisal This has been a figure of options to help senior that have been implemented used over the old ages. Equally much as it has been reported that some are non successful. the lone issue is to happen ways on how to better the life criterions of aged. One facet that has been observed is that. covering with the aged is hard since they become inactive and doddering do them necessitate particular attending. 2. 0. Collection of Secondary and Primary Data In this research cyberspace beginnings. books available for the subject have been used the computing machine lab has played an of import function in accessing scholarly written beginnings available on the cyberspace. Therefore the procedure of garnering articles and other signifiers of literature was done by often sing the university computing machine research lab and the library. The cyberspace beginning was done through utilizing cardinal word such as populating wellness of aged individuals and alternate options of life for aged individuals. Assorted authorities paperss such as the Greece authorities papers. Malaysia papers. Argentina. and the US authorities papers have been used. The life agreement beginnings or articles that are available have played an of import function in this literature write-up. 2. 1. 0 Assisted Life Assisted life involves where the aged individuals lives there independent lives but with some aid to pull off some activities such as care of places. come ining contracts. buying necessary goods and services. and other services that are necessary. Some of this services they need whey they live entirely may be provided by trained persons who can assist them and who know the demands of aged individuals. The aid may come from nursing places. community members or household members. Some of the people employed in helping aged individuals in there places particularly in rural countries must be good trained and licensed to make such sort of a occupation ; this is because people who are aged need specialized intervention. Many of the aided life persons. can be in nursing places or from places it gives people independence to do determinations on how there life’s should be governed. Largely the assisted life installations which are provided in the signifier of bungalows are authorities owned and this people enter to these topographic points under contract with the people who take them at that place. This has many advantages and disadvantages which needs to be explored. 2. 1. 1 Advantages The advantages of this method of life are many. Some of the advantage that is associated with aided populating include: 2. 1. 2Disadvantages There are a figure of disadvantages associated with aided life. Some of the disadvantages include: In a nutshell assisted life is the most preferable among the aged as it provides the best services among rural people. Assisted life as many patrons most of who donate there monthly to the installation. It is of import when seeking for a installation for the aged individual. to ask what the installation offers and step with the demands of an single earlier taking up the installation. A clear contract demands to be entered into to safeguard the rights and maintain the life style of the aged. Otherwise it will be a beginning of emphasis and problem for the aged. Family members who needs or want there aged individual to travel to a installation they will hold to speak about the type of contract they will come in to the installations the aged individual will be given and many others. 2. 2 Telephone Calls At Least Once Per Day This is a method where the aged individual lives in his ain place but gets calls on a regular basis. at least one time mundane. This method is good particularly to those aged single with excess disposable income. First and foremost the chief ground why they may be having calls is to remind them to take advantages of some installations or guarantee that these aged individuals are able to acquire up and make what is required for them. It is of import for those aged people who are populating on there ain to acquire changeless calls so that one time can guarantee they are safe and sound. There are called in order for them to be able to understand they are loved. The company ever asks about there safety how they plan the twenty-four hours and they are assisted with come ining into contracts. This calls possibly made by urgencies of the elderly people or by friends and relations. This are the people who assists them with fiscal planning helps them to acquire into contract with others. pull off there assists particularly hiring people to help the aged individual enter into necessary contracts. This people live in places which have all installations for the aged. although it is at that place place. The installations that are supposed to be availed in the place where these people’s lives include: – a telephone which is used for doing calls. a bathroom with the following installations: Sufficient room for turn-around and motion of Walker or wheelchair. Lever faucets with sociables and ant-scald valves. Stall shower. temperature-controlled. with low threshold and shower place. Grab bars at back and sides of shower. Telephone doodly-squat and medical response device. Kitchen: Cabinets with adjustable upper shelves. draw out lower shelves. and lazy Susan’s. Easy-grap cabined bosss or pulls. Cook top with front controls. Side-by-side icebox Others include ; Emergency call/response system. Easy or no out-of-door care. Easy entree to food market and other shopping. Transportation system to doctors/other assignments. Availability of interior cleaning/maintenance and Availability of homecare. if needed Before this aged are left on there ain. there should be necessary stairss taken to guarantee that the aged are able to entree other members of the society for the intents of socialisation. Without socialisation the members who are left on there ain waiting a telephone call may speed up there deceasing. There should be besides installations such as recreational and care installation that helps the elderly to develop so that they keep tantrum. They should besides be given entree to educational installations to assist them entree newspapers. books. and other connexions. The advantages of this method include ; 2. 2. 1Advantage 2. 2. 2Disadvantages There are a figure of disadvantages associated with aided life. Some of the disadvantages include: 2. 3 Personal Care Homes Personal attention places is where aged people go to places and they leave one or two people but the topographic point they are populating is for the aged individuals which can be an flat. It can be home sharing. a Forester attention. The people who are taken here need excess aid and it becomes impossible for them to go forth far off from this installation. In this places they are given a room which they portion repasts and they are helped with day-to-day responsibilities as other places but they are managed by boards. they are little in graduated table and majorly they are available in towns although non metropoliss but rural towns. This installation provides a good but certain manner of assisting the aged. The advantages and disadvantages of this places include ; 2. 3. 1Advantage 2. 3. 2Disadvantages There are a figure of disadvantages associated with aided life. Some of the disadvantages include: 2. 4 Nursing Homes Nursing Besides qualified physicians are besides required to be portion of the installation and this are owned by the authorities places are those installations where skilled nurses have attention installations that provide the aged people with all there demands. The occupants live together similar pupils in the university. and they have a registered nurse in the place for at least 7days a hebdomad for 24hours. Besides qualified physicians are besides required to be portion of the installation and these are owned by the authorities. They offer installations similar to those assisted life but the difference comes in when we talk of residence. Bing a authorities owned installation it has many advantages and disadvantages. Those advantages and disadvantages are similar to other place attention installations but the 1 that comes out clearly is the type of information that is offered. In most cases the cost that are used to run these installations are high and they are paid by a figure of establishments such as ; private beginnings. that is from members. Medicare and long-run insurance. The advantages of this method of life are many. Some of the advantage that is associated with aided populating include: 2. 4. 1Advantages The advantages for this method include: 2. 4. 2Disadvantages There are a figure of disadvantages associated with aided life. Some of the disadvantages include: 2. 5 In-Home Cares In place attention is where the aged people are taken in homecare where they are provided by with all installations that are available to other accredited installations. Unlike services such as life in aided places. In place attention they pay for all services what they are required to make is to go on populating. Health attention installations are given free of charge. recreational installations. ever they are visited by spiritual people and sometimes they are taken out for Tourss. The place attention installations they have installations such as transit. autos. and a medical attention Centre where tooth doctors and other physicians come in to see them and do a cheque up. The installation besides offers services such as forming events for the aged taking out for shopping and the members are required to organize societal grouping or squads they will utilize to guarantee that there is no emphasis or emotional alterations among members. In India this signifier of places they have enter tainers who make merriment of anything and they start express joying. These places are easy manages as sponsorship easy comes by. 2. 5. 1Advantage 2. 5. 2Disadvantages There are a figure of disadvantages associated with aided life. Some of the disadvantages include: 2. 6 populating with a relation or a friend Family members may choose to populate with the aged either in at that place ain places or in an ordered installation in this instance the relation can be either a close relation or a distance relation but he must be willing to offer service to the old work forces to help in running at that place life’s. This agreement is satisfactory if the individuals in inquiry agree to it. Old people ever have jobs and what it means they are traveling life of duties to a life with fewer duties. Others must do pick for them therefore the attention giver must be ready to give attention a though he was caring a child. They should non be given separate quarters from the individual taking attention of them but they should be given an chance to be able to do some determination in order for them to experience that they are given equal support. The place in which they leave in must hold a scene meant for old people. It should be noted that they have moved from productive age into un productive age. therefore there should be proper fiscal agreement to provide for at that place demands. They should be given aid in day-to-day life. taken out for shopping. taken out for socialisation with other people. provided with educational installation. and they should be given an chance to take what to make. This will be able to cut down emphasis among the health professional and the attentions. Patience is required in this signifier of agreement if it has to win and the individual who is selected to take attention of the aged must be able to hold a little cognition on how to pull off the elderly. The advantages and disadvantages of this method include ; the mentioned the advantages and disadvantages above which are ; 2. 6. 1Advantage 2. 6. 2Disadvantages Some of the disadvantages include: 2. 7 costs of aged life There are a figure of cost associated with aged life. this include ; cost for mortgage payment and payment for the selected topographic point. the cost of traveling from your house to another house is besides considered and possibly really expensive in the long tally. The other cost that is associated with the aged life is the cost of monthly leasing installation. There is the cost of modifying the place for those who will be populating at place. Others may choose to buy a new place and this place needs care. Like normal life costs such as revenue enhancement. H2O and sewerage. electricity. snow taking. transit. wellness insurance and Medicare should be taken attention of. 2. 8 Criticism of the secondary beginnings. The research worker used beginnings some of them which are non up to day of the month nevertheless some of the articles reviewed or adapted were incorporating relevant literature for the squad. Most of the articles used did non hold advantages and disadvantages that are necessary for the company. Notwithstanding this unfavorable judgment they have formed portion of this research paper and they have contributed positively to its success. Methodology This papers largely will be concerned with analysing and construing research plants carried out someplace else on the subject. This will give this research positive purposes that is maintaining some truth in the research. A deductive and inductive attack which is usually used in researches is a rare world in this research. Deductive attack which relies on theoretical issues by observation comparing and analysis will hold partial application in this paper. The inductive attack which uses objects without associating to bing methods is besides partly applicable. The job at manus at the minute is how and which way the research job will take for readings and findings. There is ever a connexion between the findings from a research and the method used since the method influence the decision and recommendations made. In this research qualitative method is more appropriate as compared to quantitative. Qualitative method is concerned with people s attitude sentiment perceptual experience and feelings. It normally uses interviews observations and analysis of the go outing informations from assorted researches. Quantitative technique is concerned with roll uping facts and analysing them. It concerns with the aggregation of informations. statistically fixing them and discoursing the consequences. This method although will be used it offers small benefits to this research paper. As stated quantitative and qualitative method will be utilized in this paper because qualitative will be used in measuring the procedures people clients and operations that are made in usage for this procedure. The information for this research will be collected from internet hunt entry and a few answer beginnings where qualitative analysis is necessary. Qualitative analysis attack will be employed and the information from the cyberspace and there will be development of inductive and descriptive logical thinking. Consequence From research which has been carried out. it has been found that the option such as life with a relation or a friend. in place attention and assisted have succeeded in cut downing emphasis associated with aged attention in rural places. The most of import thing in the determination is that this options have helped the aged to be able to cover with there jobs negligent and able to populate a small longer. Decision The most of import thing to make to assist aged individuals is to pass on with them about the programs we have for them or guaranting that determinations made by them are good. One should ever emphasize is willingness to listen and do it clear that he is willing to care for the aged people so that they can experience at place. This places have their advantages and disadvantages which are associated with cost. Mentions AARP Universal Design Home Modification World Wide Web. Association for the Advancement of Retired Persons. org/families/home_design Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University. World Wide Web. design. ncsu. edu/cud Hopkins O. and Nelson R. C. ; ( 1997 ) ; Researching senior populating options:Developed for Purdue University retired persons and their households ; Purdue University Senior Resource. Com available at World Wide Web. seniorresource. com Center on an Aging Society World Wide Web. aging-society. org Administration on Aging and Elders and Families and Caregivers Resource available at World Wide Web. aoa. gov.

Information Technology Essays - Veterinary Physician,

Information Technology Information Technology Information technology is a rapidly growing part of today's society. It affects everyone's life in many aspects. Every human endeavor is influenced by information technology and the increasing rate at which what it can perform includes. One area of human endeavor that information technology has greatly influenced is the practice of medicine, specifically veterinary medicine. Not only has veterinary medicine been influenced by information technology, it has also been enhanced by it. The degree to which the practice of veterinary medicine includes information technology is observable at the Animal Emergency Clinic of Central New York on Erie Blvd. in Syracuse, New York. Section I: veterinary medicine. Doctors of veterinary medicine are the people who engage in the human endeavor of practicing veterinary medicine. The activities that are included in this endeavor are the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases. The best way to handle a disease is to prevent acquiring it altogether. To accomplish this animals are given the available vaccinations for the most likely diseases they would get according to what type of animal they are and where they live. Unfortunately not every disease has a vaccination and not every animal has the opportunity to receive the available vaccinations. When an animal gets sick it is the duty of the veterinarian to determine the cause of the sickness and the best possible course of treatment for it. Veterinarians have many other responsibilities as well. These range from, but are not limited to, treating wounded animals and spaying or neutering them to preventing the spread of diseases from animals to humans through agriculture. The first school of veterinary medicine was in France. It opened in 1761. Veterinary medicine schools started to open in the United States of America during the civil war. (www.encyclopedia.com) To become a doctor of veterinary medicine, DVM, one must complete veterinary school. To get accepted into a school of veterinary medicine, a student has to meet the requirements of that particular vet school. Most of the requirements can be satisfied through undergraduate course work. The hard part is to have done a better job at meeting these requirements than the competition has. As an undergraduate, the student must demonstrate not only academic excellence and dedication to service and helping others, but also a vast repertoire of experience in the field. To prove that he/she is truly dedicated to the service of others, community service must be done and documented. Working, volunteering and interning are all acceptable ways to gain experience in the field of veterinary medicine. The reason behind schools requiring experience is to ensure that the student knows what they are getting into before they spend thousands of dollars (approx. $20,000/yr.) and at least four years of their life in an extremely intensive academic environment. Many people have an altered idea of what being a vet is about. A lot of physical and emotion endurance is necessary to be a successful veterinarian. Many people are unaware of that. The specific undergraduate course requirements to get into a school of veterinary medicine vary between the schools. All of them are science intensive. Most require a well-rounded education. The University of California at Davis school of veterinary medicine requires one year of general biology, one year of general chemistry, one year of organic chemistry, and one year of physics as far as lower division requirements. Upper division requirements include a semester of biochemistry, a semester of systemic physiology, a semester of vertebrate embryology, and a semester of genetics. On top of that they want their applicants to have taken courses in English composition, humanities, social sciences as well as statistics. Simply taking these courses is not enough, they need to be completed with a GPA above a 2.5. However, the competition has an average GPA of 3.45. The GRE must also be taken and a competitive score must be achieved for consideration. Tuskegee University requires two semesters of English, two of math, two of chemistry (Enough to include organic. Which really means four), two of physics, three of biology, two of animal science, one of animal nutrition, and then courses in humanities, social sciences and electives. They add that grades less than a c are not acceptable. Once a student has meet all of the undergraduate requirements and has been accepted into a school of veterinary medicine he/she still has the hard part to look forward too. It has been said many times that vet. School is harder than med. School. The course work is extremely intensive and demanding. Not everybody makes it through. Nobody becomes a vet. for the money because what one must go through to become

Spain, England, France, German States, And Russian during the 1700s

Spain, England, France, German States, And Russian during the 1700s Section 1: Spain- The Spanish Empire reached its height during the reign of Charles's son, Philip II, who became king in 1556.- In 1580, Philip II of Spain enforced his claim to the Portuguese throne by invading and conquering the country.- Spain gained control of the Philippine Islands during the late 1500's.- Spain also fought to defend western Europe from the expanding Ottoman Empire. Philip's rule brought the beginning of the Golden Age of Spanish art, a time when writers and painters created some of Spain's greatest artistic works.- Although Philip ruled a worldwide empire and Spain was the strongest nation in Europe, signs of strain began to appear.- Wars, inflation, and poor economic management weakened the country's economy. Philip's attempts to slow or stop the advance of Protestantism in Europe met serious opposition from the Netherlands and England. In the 1560's, the Netherlands rebelled against Spain.English: Coat of arms illustration from a grant of...In 1588, Philip II launched a great Spanish Armada of about 130 ships in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer England. English ships repelled the armada, and storms destroyed many of the Spanish ships during the retreat.- Only about two-thirds of the armada made it back to Spain.- In the 1600's, Spain was weakened by wars, rebellions, economic crises, and weak rulers.- Fighting in the Netherlands continued into the early 1600's. Spain heavily financed the Roman Catholic cause in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).- It also fought wars with France and faced rebellions in Portugal and the region of Catalonia in northern Spain.- The last Spanish Habsburg, Charles II, had no children of his own.- In 1700, he named a French duke, Philip of Anjou, as heir to the Spanish throne. Philip was a grandson of France's King Louis XIV, who reigned...

How Chromosomes Determine Sex

How Chromosomes Determine Sex Chromosomes are long segments of genes that carry hereditary information. They are composed of DNA and proteins and are located within the nucleus of our cells. Chromosomes determine everything from hair color and eye color to sex. Whether you are a male or female depends on the presence or absence of certain chromosomes. Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46. There are 22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes are the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. Sex Chromosomes In human sexual reproduction, two distinct gametes fuse to form a zygote. Gametes are reproductive cells produced by a type of cell division called meiosis. Gametes are also called sex cells. They contain only one set of chromosomes and are thus said to be haploid.The male gamete, called the spermatozoan, is relatively motile and usually has a flagellum. The female gamete, called the ovum, is nonmotile and relatively large in comparison to the male gamete. When the haploid male and female gametes unite in a process called fertilization, they develop into what is called a zygote. The zygote is diploid, meaning that it contains two sets of chromosomes. Sex Chromosomes X-Y The male gametes, or sperm cells, in humans and other mammals are heterogametic and contain one of two types of sex chromosomes. Sperm cells carry either an X or Y sex chromosome. Female gametes, or eggs, however, contain only the X sex chromosome and are homogametic. The sperm cell determines the sex of an individual in this case. If a sperm cell containing an X chromosome fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XX, or female. If the sperm cell contains a Y chromosome, then the resulting zygote will be XY, or male. Y chromosomes carry the necessary genes for the development of male gonads, or testes. Individuals that lack a Y chromosome (XO or XX) develop female gonads, or ovaries. Two X chromosomes are needed for the development of fully functioning ovaries. Genes located on the X chromosome are called X-linked genes, and these genes determine X sex-linked traits. A mutation occurring in one of these genes could lead to the development of an altered trait. Because males have only one X chromosome, the altered trait would always be expressed in males. In females,  however, the trait may not always be expressed. Because females have two X chromosomes, the altered trait could be masked if only one X chromosome has the mutation and the trait is recessive. An example of an X-linked gene is red-green colorblindness in humans.   Sex Chromosomes X-O Grasshoppers, roaches, and other insects have a similar system for determining the sex of an individual. Adult males lack the Y sex chromosome that humans have and have only an X chromosome. They produce sperm cells that contain either an X chromosome or no sex chromosome, which is designated as O. The females are XX and produce egg cells that contain an X chromosome. If an X sperm cell fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XX, or female. If a sperm cell containing no sex chromosome fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XO, or male. Sex Chromosomes Z-W Birds, some insects such as butterflies, frogs, snakes, and some species of fish have a different system for determining sex. In these animals, it is the female gamete that determines the sex of an individual. Female gametes can either contain a Z chromosome or a W chromosome. Male gametes contain only the Z chromosome. Females of these species are ZW, and males are ZZ. Parthenogenesis What about animals like most kinds of wasps, bees, and ants that have no sex chromosomes? In these species, fertilization determines sex. If an egg becomes fertilized, it will develop into a female. A non-fertilized egg may develop into a male. The female is diploid and contains two sets of chromosomes, while the male is haploid. This development of an unfertilized egg into a male and a fertilized egg into a female is a type of parthenogenesis known as arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. Environmental Sex Determination In turtles and crocodiles, sex is determined by the temperature of the surrounding environment at a specific period in the development of a fertilized egg. Eggs that are incubated above a certain temperature develop into one sex, while eggs incubated below a certain temperature develop into the other sex. Both males and females develop when eggs are incubated at temperatures ranging between those that induce only single-sex development.