The Safety Insecurities Of Public Drinking - 1786 Words

Title: The safety insecurities of public drinking in undergraduate students Aims objectives This project aims to generate awareness and new knowledge on the insecurities of safety faced by undergraduate students drinking in public settings by examining the experiences and awareness associated with such habits amongst undergraduate students. specific objectives include: identifying safety insecurities associated with drinking, identifying factors which lead/ influence public drinking, identifying common levels of alcohol consumption, the age of participants, mental and physical risks associated with public drinking and framings for prevention of health and safety risks of public drinking. Literature review Alcohol consumption is a major issue amongst university students, there are dangers involved with such actions that lead to both short and long term consequences (Polak Conner, 2012). Despite these factors, (Kim et al.,2009; Morton Tighe, 2011) observed that alcohol consumption was prevalent in 67% of students due to university culture and more common amongst second year undergraduates. Morton and Tighe (2011) also found, reasons for alcohol consumption were socialisation (to fit in), student alcohol promotions and to gain enjoyment .Therefore it is inevitable that students feel obliged by peers and social norms to consume alcohol at some stage of there undergraduate careers, Pichini et al. (2013) found that this will most probably occur in a public setting e.g.Show MoreRelatedGlobal Data On Visual Impairment1144 Words   |  5 Pagesdisposal systems in Nigeria. Environmental Technology.14: 957-964/////////////////////////////////////////////// Sasaki, S., Suzuki, H., Fujino, Y and Cheelo, M (2009) â€Å"Impact of drainage networks on cholera outbreaks in Lusaka Zambia.† Am. Journal of Public Health, 99 (11): 1982-1987//////////////////////////// Schafer, A, L., Rossiter, H, M, A., Owusu, P, A., Richards, B, S and Awuah (2009) Physico-Chemical water quality in Ghana. Prospects for water supply technology, implementative Desalination. ppRead MoreThe Broken Windows Model Of Policing1679 Words   |  7 Pageseventually lead to community decline if they are left untended (Gau, J. Pratt, T. 2008). The theory, used broken windows as a metaphor for disorder within neighborhoods and its intention was to reduce or eliminate disorderly behavior, graffiti, public drinking, noise, loitering, and other minor offenses that blossom into larger problems that, in turn, can transform a clean neighborhood into a slum or ghetto (Gau, J. Pratt, T. 2008). 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Deficiencies of essential vitamins and minerals are widespread in India and anaemia is a major public health problem. Nearly 82 percent of children below 3 years and 55 percent of women of reproductive age are anaemic. India has witnessed impressive economic growth in the recent times and has achieved much in many fronts. However, the progress inRead MoreRape And Social Development Programs1519 Words   |  7 Pagesthat sexual assault is one of the most common offences in Canada. In 2009 in Canada, women self-reported 472,000 sexual assaults even though Statistics Canada reported that the majority of women do not actually report sexual assaults. The Women s Safety Project survey, 1993, found that 69% of women reported having been sexually assaulted in childhood also reported having been sexually assaulted after the age of 16 (Justice Canada, n.d.). 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According to Ofer Zur (2011), Some of the most important issuesRead MoreCommon Issues Affecting Teenagers in Today’s Society and Generation3061 Words   |  13 PagesGeneration Background of the study: Now that we are well into the new Millennium society has begun to recognize serious concerns with issues that teenagers have to deal with today. Some issues have always been there but are now coming to the eyes of the public to find solutions. Other issues are new trends as society begins to adapt to a faster pace of life. This study will define the common issues that the teenagers are facing in today. According to Ofer Zur (2011), Some of the most important issues facingRead More Masculinity At Its Straightest Essay1870 Words   |  8 Pagesmany people to comment that they believe the fraternity participating in such things has many closet homosexuals. The aforementioned contradictions enlist a healthy amount of irony as a group dedicating themselves to generic masculine events (binge drinking, hooking up with young women, etc..) would initiate members by forcing them to perform something entirely oppositional to what they stand for. Young men feel so much that they need to conform to what people want and expect of them as â€Å"men† that even

The West A Narrative History - 1187 Words

The oil on canvas landscape painting does not reveal the name of the painter, but instead it leaves the observer with several explicit and implicit clues which may lead the viewer a step closer to its creator and its reason for existing. Additionally knowing that the painting was created in France sometime around the mid 17th century narrows it down to a few possible influencing eras. Moreover, having the freedom as a spectator to make assumptions based on legitimate evidence lead me to think critically and got me to figure out the painter’s background information, intended audience, intentions, and etc. The artist’s past can easily be understood due to the fallen Greek-Roman looking architectural structures found lying in front of the sitting man. These kind of constructions weren’t common in mid 17th century France, unlike ancient Greece and Rome. A. Daniel Frankforter, and William M. Spellman, in their book â€Å"The West: A Narrative History, Volume Two: Sin ce 1400 (3rd Edition)† states that â€Å"Excavations at two buried Roman towns near Naples, Herculaneum, and Pompeii, fascinated the reading and traveling public and became â€Å"must see† for aristocratic gentlemen making the â€Å"grand tour† of Europe’s cultural sites.† (494). I believe that the artist had to personally experience the â€Å"grand tour†, because only a strong familiarized individual could successfully revive classical Greek and Roman characteristics and fuse them together with several other styles into one marvelous pieceShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis Of Lewis And Clark1630 Words   |  7 Pagessimply as the West. This common narrative of the West can be seen in movies, television, and artwork from around the globe. However, many parts of this narrative can be far from reality. West’s A Narrative History of the West, Miller’s Agents of Empire, The Lewis and Clark expedition, and Aron’s The Afterlive s of Lewis and Clark all provide a counter-narrative to the traditional narrative of the â€Å"untouched† West and highlight the importance media has on the public’s interpretation of the West. BeforeRead MoreRise of the West1330 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Analysis: Rise of the West There are many theories and ideas of how western civilization became the way it is today. While some scholars believe it is in one influence of another region, many others can argue that it is certainly just the way the world is supposed to work out. We, as humans, have no control over how our surrounding civilization will turn out nor would we be able to alter many thing that have happened in the past. Robert Marks provides his own examples and theories to proveRead MoreMary Prince Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesactually come into force until the 1st of August 1834 and although the many enslaved people in the British West Indies were no longer legally slaves, they were still exploited, inhumanly treated and often forced to work for low wages and inadequate housing by former masters. The text ‘The History of Mary Prince, a West Indian slave. Related by herself.’ was one of many slave narratives used by religious abolitionist 2. groups suchRead MoreThe Enigma Of Russian Identity Essay1561 Words   |  7 PagesRomanov dynasty, the history of Russia has been defined by various narratives. These narratives come from multiple ethnic groups, religious groups, writers, and leaders, which can be illustrated as the puzzle pieces that construct the enigma of Russian identity. 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Every generation inherits the problems of their parents. Each generation that inherits dysfunctions from their parents have to break free and create a new narrative for themselves like Victor and the way Alexie uses poetry as narrative his film. Read MoreThe Evolution Of Poverty During The Civil War1654 Words   |  7 Pages THE EVOLUTION OF POVERTY IN AMERICA Missy Worrells Modern History 1073 November 19, 2014 â€Æ' The Evolution of Poverty in America Poverty is a hardship that has existed in every milestone of American history. War impacted the economy of the country after the Civil War. The twentieth century would see wars, natural disasters, and economical depressions that contributed to the developing culture of poverty. Poverty in any time period is a shattering experience. While being poor

Options For Elderly Living Persons Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction Populating in places is one of the best methods available for those people who leave at place. Aged life represents new challenges to our societies hapless and rich. The challenges associated with aged life are alone since the aged life are traveling off from active life to inactive life. It is worrying for those households who do non take attention of the aged people with the sort of earnestness they deserve. 1. 1 Statement of the job There are many options for aged life individuals in rural countries. this aged people need particular attending as compared to the immature and strong individuals. No affair the type of agreement the aged individual faces particular challenges particularly those populating in rural countries. The challenges they face include particular attention in footings of wellness. It can non get away the attending of authorities and assorted bookmans who have carried out research in relation to life among the aged individuals. What am stating is that the options available for aged individuals populating in rural countries is non limited to there picks but besides picks of other people. There lifestyles is ever affected by the determinations made by others particularly if they do non populate under pension or they had no saved retirement income which they are utilizing. This means the American is faced with a crisis of taking attention of the elderly individuals and those in rural countries are the worst affected. In rural countries household members should take up the duty to analyse and set up the demands of the aged individuals. The elderly individuals with beginnings of income they besides need some aid which ranges from taking attention of their assets helping them come ining into contracts incase they want to come in into contracts. pull offing at that place places and bettering at that place lifestyles. This calls for a serious and attentive step to be implemented by authorities and household members and other community based establishments to help them go forth comfortably. 2. 0 Literature reappraisal This has been a figure of options to help senior that have been implemented used over the old ages. Equally much as it has been reported that some are non successful. the lone issue is to happen ways on how to better the life criterions of aged. One facet that has been observed is that. covering with the aged is hard since they become inactive and doddering do them necessitate particular attending. 2. 0. Collection of Secondary and Primary Data In this research cyberspace beginnings. books available for the subject have been used the computing machine lab has played an of import function in accessing scholarly written beginnings available on the cyberspace. Therefore the procedure of garnering articles and other signifiers of literature was done by often sing the university computing machine research lab and the library. The cyberspace beginning was done through utilizing cardinal word such as populating wellness of aged individuals and alternate options of life for aged individuals. Assorted authorities paperss such as the Greece authorities papers. Malaysia papers. Argentina. and the US authorities papers have been used. The life agreement beginnings or articles that are available have played an of import function in this literature write-up. 2. 1. 0 Assisted Life Assisted life involves where the aged individuals lives there independent lives but with some aid to pull off some activities such as care of places. come ining contracts. buying necessary goods and services. and other services that are necessary. Some of this services they need whey they live entirely may be provided by trained persons who can assist them and who know the demands of aged individuals. The aid may come from nursing places. community members or household members. Some of the people employed in helping aged individuals in there places particularly in rural countries must be good trained and licensed to make such sort of a occupation ; this is because people who are aged need specialized intervention. Many of the aided life persons. can be in nursing places or from places it gives people independence to do determinations on how there life’s should be governed. Largely the assisted life installations which are provided in the signifier of bungalows are authorities owned and this people enter to these topographic points under contract with the people who take them at that place. This has many advantages and disadvantages which needs to be explored. 2. 1. 1 Advantages The advantages of this method of life are many. Some of the advantage that is associated with aided populating include: 2. 1. 2Disadvantages There are a figure of disadvantages associated with aided life. Some of the disadvantages include: In a nutshell assisted life is the most preferable among the aged as it provides the best services among rural people. Assisted life as many patrons most of who donate there monthly to the installation. It is of import when seeking for a installation for the aged individual. to ask what the installation offers and step with the demands of an single earlier taking up the installation. A clear contract demands to be entered into to safeguard the rights and maintain the life style of the aged. Otherwise it will be a beginning of emphasis and problem for the aged. Family members who needs or want there aged individual to travel to a installation they will hold to speak about the type of contract they will come in to the installations the aged individual will be given and many others. 2. 2 Telephone Calls At Least Once Per Day This is a method where the aged individual lives in his ain place but gets calls on a regular basis. at least one time mundane. This method is good particularly to those aged single with excess disposable income. First and foremost the chief ground why they may be having calls is to remind them to take advantages of some installations or guarantee that these aged individuals are able to acquire up and make what is required for them. It is of import for those aged people who are populating on there ain to acquire changeless calls so that one time can guarantee they are safe and sound. There are called in order for them to be able to understand they are loved. The company ever asks about there safety how they plan the twenty-four hours and they are assisted with come ining into contracts. This calls possibly made by urgencies of the elderly people or by friends and relations. This are the people who assists them with fiscal planning helps them to acquire into contract with others. pull off there assists particularly hiring people to help the aged individual enter into necessary contracts. This people live in places which have all installations for the aged. although it is at that place place. The installations that are supposed to be availed in the place where these people’s lives include: – a telephone which is used for doing calls. a bathroom with the following installations: Sufficient room for turn-around and motion of Walker or wheelchair. Lever faucets with sociables and ant-scald valves. Stall shower. temperature-controlled. with low threshold and shower place. Grab bars at back and sides of shower. Telephone doodly-squat and medical response device. Kitchen: Cabinets with adjustable upper shelves. draw out lower shelves. and lazy Susan’s. Easy-grap cabined bosss or pulls. Cook top with front controls. Side-by-side icebox Others include ; Emergency call/response system. Easy or no out-of-door care. Easy entree to food market and other shopping. Transportation system to doctors/other assignments. Availability of interior cleaning/maintenance and Availability of homecare. if needed Before this aged are left on there ain. there should be necessary stairss taken to guarantee that the aged are able to entree other members of the society for the intents of socialisation. Without socialisation the members who are left on there ain waiting a telephone call may speed up there deceasing. There should be besides installations such as recreational and care installation that helps the elderly to develop so that they keep tantrum. They should besides be given entree to educational installations to assist them entree newspapers. books. and other connexions. The advantages of this method include ; 2. 2. 1Advantage 2. 2. 2Disadvantages There are a figure of disadvantages associated with aided life. Some of the disadvantages include: 2. 3 Personal Care Homes Personal attention places is where aged people go to places and they leave one or two people but the topographic point they are populating is for the aged individuals which can be an flat. It can be home sharing. a Forester attention. The people who are taken here need excess aid and it becomes impossible for them to go forth far off from this installation. In this places they are given a room which they portion repasts and they are helped with day-to-day responsibilities as other places but they are managed by boards. they are little in graduated table and majorly they are available in towns although non metropoliss but rural towns. This installation provides a good but certain manner of assisting the aged. The advantages and disadvantages of this places include ; 2. 3. 1Advantage 2. 3. 2Disadvantages There are a figure of disadvantages associated with aided life. Some of the disadvantages include: 2. 4 Nursing Homes Nursing Besides qualified physicians are besides required to be portion of the installation and this are owned by the authorities places are those installations where skilled nurses have attention installations that provide the aged people with all there demands. The occupants live together similar pupils in the university. and they have a registered nurse in the place for at least 7days a hebdomad for 24hours. Besides qualified physicians are besides required to be portion of the installation and these are owned by the authorities. They offer installations similar to those assisted life but the difference comes in when we talk of residence. Bing a authorities owned installation it has many advantages and disadvantages. Those advantages and disadvantages are similar to other place attention installations but the 1 that comes out clearly is the type of information that is offered. In most cases the cost that are used to run these installations are high and they are paid by a figure of establishments such as ; private beginnings. that is from members. Medicare and long-run insurance. The advantages of this method of life are many. Some of the advantage that is associated with aided populating include: 2. 4. 1Advantages The advantages for this method include: 2. 4. 2Disadvantages There are a figure of disadvantages associated with aided life. Some of the disadvantages include: 2. 5 In-Home Cares In place attention is where the aged people are taken in homecare where they are provided by with all installations that are available to other accredited installations. Unlike services such as life in aided places. In place attention they pay for all services what they are required to make is to go on populating. Health attention installations are given free of charge. recreational installations. ever they are visited by spiritual people and sometimes they are taken out for Tourss. The place attention installations they have installations such as transit. autos. and a medical attention Centre where tooth doctors and other physicians come in to see them and do a cheque up. The installation besides offers services such as forming events for the aged taking out for shopping and the members are required to organize societal grouping or squads they will utilize to guarantee that there is no emphasis or emotional alterations among members. In India this signifier of places they have enter tainers who make merriment of anything and they start express joying. These places are easy manages as sponsorship easy comes by. 2. 5. 1Advantage 2. 5. 2Disadvantages There are a figure of disadvantages associated with aided life. Some of the disadvantages include: 2. 6 populating with a relation or a friend Family members may choose to populate with the aged either in at that place ain places or in an ordered installation in this instance the relation can be either a close relation or a distance relation but he must be willing to offer service to the old work forces to help in running at that place life’s. This agreement is satisfactory if the individuals in inquiry agree to it. Old people ever have jobs and what it means they are traveling life of duties to a life with fewer duties. Others must do pick for them therefore the attention giver must be ready to give attention a though he was caring a child. They should non be given separate quarters from the individual taking attention of them but they should be given an chance to be able to do some determination in order for them to experience that they are given equal support. The place in which they leave in must hold a scene meant for old people. It should be noted that they have moved from productive age into un productive age. therefore there should be proper fiscal agreement to provide for at that place demands. They should be given aid in day-to-day life. taken out for shopping. taken out for socialisation with other people. provided with educational installation. and they should be given an chance to take what to make. This will be able to cut down emphasis among the health professional and the attentions. Patience is required in this signifier of agreement if it has to win and the individual who is selected to take attention of the aged must be able to hold a little cognition on how to pull off the elderly. The advantages and disadvantages of this method include ; the mentioned the advantages and disadvantages above which are ; 2. 6. 1Advantage 2. 6. 2Disadvantages Some of the disadvantages include: 2. 7 costs of aged life There are a figure of cost associated with aged life. this include ; cost for mortgage payment and payment for the selected topographic point. the cost of traveling from your house to another house is besides considered and possibly really expensive in the long tally. The other cost that is associated with the aged life is the cost of monthly leasing installation. There is the cost of modifying the place for those who will be populating at place. Others may choose to buy a new place and this place needs care. Like normal life costs such as revenue enhancement. H2O and sewerage. electricity. snow taking. transit. wellness insurance and Medicare should be taken attention of. 2. 8 Criticism of the secondary beginnings. The research worker used beginnings some of them which are non up to day of the month nevertheless some of the articles reviewed or adapted were incorporating relevant literature for the squad. Most of the articles used did non hold advantages and disadvantages that are necessary for the company. Notwithstanding this unfavorable judgment they have formed portion of this research paper and they have contributed positively to its success. Methodology This papers largely will be concerned with analysing and construing research plants carried out someplace else on the subject. This will give this research positive purposes that is maintaining some truth in the research. A deductive and inductive attack which is usually used in researches is a rare world in this research. Deductive attack which relies on theoretical issues by observation comparing and analysis will hold partial application in this paper. The inductive attack which uses objects without associating to bing methods is besides partly applicable. The job at manus at the minute is how and which way the research job will take for readings and findings. There is ever a connexion between the findings from a research and the method used since the method influence the decision and recommendations made. In this research qualitative method is more appropriate as compared to quantitative. Qualitative method is concerned with people s attitude sentiment perceptual experience and feelings. It normally uses interviews observations and analysis of the go outing informations from assorted researches. Quantitative technique is concerned with roll uping facts and analysing them. It concerns with the aggregation of informations. statistically fixing them and discoursing the consequences. This method although will be used it offers small benefits to this research paper. As stated quantitative and qualitative method will be utilized in this paper because qualitative will be used in measuring the procedures people clients and operations that are made in usage for this procedure. The information for this research will be collected from internet hunt entry and a few answer beginnings where qualitative analysis is necessary. Qualitative analysis attack will be employed and the information from the cyberspace and there will be development of inductive and descriptive logical thinking. Consequence From research which has been carried out. it has been found that the option such as life with a relation or a friend. in place attention and assisted have succeeded in cut downing emphasis associated with aged attention in rural places. The most of import thing in the determination is that this options have helped the aged to be able to cover with there jobs negligent and able to populate a small longer. Decision The most of import thing to make to assist aged individuals is to pass on with them about the programs we have for them or guaranting that determinations made by them are good. One should ever emphasize is willingness to listen and do it clear that he is willing to care for the aged people so that they can experience at place. This places have their advantages and disadvantages which are associated with cost. Mentions AARP Universal Design Home Modification World Wide Web. Association for the Advancement of Retired Persons. org/families/home_design Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University. World Wide Web. design. ncsu. edu/cud Hopkins O. and Nelson R. C. ; ( 1997 ) ; Researching senior populating options:Developed for Purdue University retired persons and their households ; Purdue University Senior Resource. Com available at World Wide Web. seniorresource. com Center on an Aging Society World Wide Web. aging-society. org Administration on Aging and Elders and Families and Caregivers Resource available at World Wide Web. aoa. gov.

Information Technology Essays - Veterinary Physician,

Information Technology Information Technology Information technology is a rapidly growing part of today's society. It affects everyone's life in many aspects. Every human endeavor is influenced by information technology and the increasing rate at which what it can perform includes. One area of human endeavor that information technology has greatly influenced is the practice of medicine, specifically veterinary medicine. Not only has veterinary medicine been influenced by information technology, it has also been enhanced by it. The degree to which the practice of veterinary medicine includes information technology is observable at the Animal Emergency Clinic of Central New York on Erie Blvd. in Syracuse, New York. Section I: veterinary medicine. Doctors of veterinary medicine are the people who engage in the human endeavor of practicing veterinary medicine. The activities that are included in this endeavor are the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of animal diseases. The best way to handle a disease is to prevent acquiring it altogether. To accomplish this animals are given the available vaccinations for the most likely diseases they would get according to what type of animal they are and where they live. Unfortunately not every disease has a vaccination and not every animal has the opportunity to receive the available vaccinations. When an animal gets sick it is the duty of the veterinarian to determine the cause of the sickness and the best possible course of treatment for it. Veterinarians have many other responsibilities as well. These range from, but are not limited to, treating wounded animals and spaying or neutering them to preventing the spread of diseases from animals to humans through agriculture. The first school of veterinary medicine was in France. It opened in 1761. Veterinary medicine schools started to open in the United States of America during the civil war. (www.encyclopedia.com) To become a doctor of veterinary medicine, DVM, one must complete veterinary school. To get accepted into a school of veterinary medicine, a student has to meet the requirements of that particular vet school. Most of the requirements can be satisfied through undergraduate course work. The hard part is to have done a better job at meeting these requirements than the competition has. As an undergraduate, the student must demonstrate not only academic excellence and dedication to service and helping others, but also a vast repertoire of experience in the field. To prove that he/she is truly dedicated to the service of others, community service must be done and documented. Working, volunteering and interning are all acceptable ways to gain experience in the field of veterinary medicine. The reason behind schools requiring experience is to ensure that the student knows what they are getting into before they spend thousands of dollars (approx. $20,000/yr.) and at least four years of their life in an extremely intensive academic environment. Many people have an altered idea of what being a vet is about. A lot of physical and emotion endurance is necessary to be a successful veterinarian. Many people are unaware of that. The specific undergraduate course requirements to get into a school of veterinary medicine vary between the schools. All of them are science intensive. Most require a well-rounded education. The University of California at Davis school of veterinary medicine requires one year of general biology, one year of general chemistry, one year of organic chemistry, and one year of physics as far as lower division requirements. Upper division requirements include a semester of biochemistry, a semester of systemic physiology, a semester of vertebrate embryology, and a semester of genetics. On top of that they want their applicants to have taken courses in English composition, humanities, social sciences as well as statistics. Simply taking these courses is not enough, they need to be completed with a GPA above a 2.5. However, the competition has an average GPA of 3.45. The GRE must also be taken and a competitive score must be achieved for consideration. Tuskegee University requires two semesters of English, two of math, two of chemistry (Enough to include organic. Which really means four), two of physics, three of biology, two of animal science, one of animal nutrition, and then courses in humanities, social sciences and electives. They add that grades less than a c are not acceptable. Once a student has meet all of the undergraduate requirements and has been accepted into a school of veterinary medicine he/she still has the hard part to look forward too. It has been said many times that vet. School is harder than med. School. The course work is extremely intensive and demanding. Not everybody makes it through. Nobody becomes a vet. for the money because what one must go through to become

Spain, England, France, German States, And Russian during the 1700s

Spain, England, France, German States, And Russian during the 1700s Section 1: Spain- The Spanish Empire reached its height during the reign of Charles's son, Philip II, who became king in 1556.- In 1580, Philip II of Spain enforced his claim to the Portuguese throne by invading and conquering the country.- Spain gained control of the Philippine Islands during the late 1500's.- Spain also fought to defend western Europe from the expanding Ottoman Empire. Philip's rule brought the beginning of the Golden Age of Spanish art, a time when writers and painters created some of Spain's greatest artistic works.- Although Philip ruled a worldwide empire and Spain was the strongest nation in Europe, signs of strain began to appear.- Wars, inflation, and poor economic management weakened the country's economy. Philip's attempts to slow or stop the advance of Protestantism in Europe met serious opposition from the Netherlands and England. In the 1560's, the Netherlands rebelled against Spain.English: Coat of arms illustration from a grant of...In 1588, Philip II launched a great Spanish Armada of about 130 ships in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer England. English ships repelled the armada, and storms destroyed many of the Spanish ships during the retreat.- Only about two-thirds of the armada made it back to Spain.- In the 1600's, Spain was weakened by wars, rebellions, economic crises, and weak rulers.- Fighting in the Netherlands continued into the early 1600's. Spain heavily financed the Roman Catholic cause in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).- It also fought wars with France and faced rebellions in Portugal and the region of Catalonia in northern Spain.- The last Spanish Habsburg, Charles II, had no children of his own.- In 1700, he named a French duke, Philip of Anjou, as heir to the Spanish throne. Philip was a grandson of France's King Louis XIV, who reigned...

How Chromosomes Determine Sex

How Chromosomes Determine Sex Chromosomes are long segments of genes that carry hereditary information. They are composed of DNA and proteins and are located within the nucleus of our cells. Chromosomes determine everything from hair color and eye color to sex. Whether you are a male or female depends on the presence or absence of certain chromosomes. Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46. There are 22 pairs of autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) and one pair of sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes are the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. Sex Chromosomes In human sexual reproduction, two distinct gametes fuse to form a zygote. Gametes are reproductive cells produced by a type of cell division called meiosis. Gametes are also called sex cells. They contain only one set of chromosomes and are thus said to be haploid.The male gamete, called the spermatozoan, is relatively motile and usually has a flagellum. The female gamete, called the ovum, is nonmotile and relatively large in comparison to the male gamete. When the haploid male and female gametes unite in a process called fertilization, they develop into what is called a zygote. The zygote is diploid, meaning that it contains two sets of chromosomes. Sex Chromosomes X-Y The male gametes, or sperm cells, in humans and other mammals are heterogametic and contain one of two types of sex chromosomes. Sperm cells carry either an X or Y sex chromosome. Female gametes, or eggs, however, contain only the X sex chromosome and are homogametic. The sperm cell determines the sex of an individual in this case. If a sperm cell containing an X chromosome fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XX, or female. If the sperm cell contains a Y chromosome, then the resulting zygote will be XY, or male. Y chromosomes carry the necessary genes for the development of male gonads, or testes. Individuals that lack a Y chromosome (XO or XX) develop female gonads, or ovaries. Two X chromosomes are needed for the development of fully functioning ovaries. Genes located on the X chromosome are called X-linked genes, and these genes determine X sex-linked traits. A mutation occurring in one of these genes could lead to the development of an altered trait. Because males have only one X chromosome, the altered trait would always be expressed in males. In females,  however, the trait may not always be expressed. Because females have two X chromosomes, the altered trait could be masked if only one X chromosome has the mutation and the trait is recessive. An example of an X-linked gene is red-green colorblindness in humans.   Sex Chromosomes X-O Grasshoppers, roaches, and other insects have a similar system for determining the sex of an individual. Adult males lack the Y sex chromosome that humans have and have only an X chromosome. They produce sperm cells that contain either an X chromosome or no sex chromosome, which is designated as O. The females are XX and produce egg cells that contain an X chromosome. If an X sperm cell fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XX, or female. If a sperm cell containing no sex chromosome fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be XO, or male. Sex Chromosomes Z-W Birds, some insects such as butterflies, frogs, snakes, and some species of fish have a different system for determining sex. In these animals, it is the female gamete that determines the sex of an individual. Female gametes can either contain a Z chromosome or a W chromosome. Male gametes contain only the Z chromosome. Females of these species are ZW, and males are ZZ. Parthenogenesis What about animals like most kinds of wasps, bees, and ants that have no sex chromosomes? In these species, fertilization determines sex. If an egg becomes fertilized, it will develop into a female. A non-fertilized egg may develop into a male. The female is diploid and contains two sets of chromosomes, while the male is haploid. This development of an unfertilized egg into a male and a fertilized egg into a female is a type of parthenogenesis known as arrhenotokous parthenogenesis. Environmental Sex Determination In turtles and crocodiles, sex is determined by the temperature of the surrounding environment at a specific period in the development of a fertilized egg. Eggs that are incubated above a certain temperature develop into one sex, while eggs incubated below a certain temperature develop into the other sex. Both males and females develop when eggs are incubated at temperatures ranging between those that induce only single-sex development.

Pediatric Nurse Population for ADHD Education Essay

Pediatric Nurse Population for ADHD Education - Essay Example Medications used in children should be of even greater interest due to the inability to monitor the effects of adverse reactions by objective methods. Nurses play a key role in the management of children with ADHD. This disorder may persist even to adult stages. The diagnosis of ADHD requires careful history taking ,use of standardized rating scales ,and close attention to patients behavior and informants reports. Statistics show that in order to fit in the field of nursing and favorably attend the ADHD patients especially the 6-18 age group, a nurse should be compassionate, and committed to help people. Skills, knowledge and competence are a major factor of requirement in the nursing career. Different ADHD patients will react differently to the particular drug regime .This is due to their different individual genetic system which stimulates enzymatic reactions. Nurses ought to understand this aspect in order to attend the affected effectively. Primary care should be an opportune location for close monitoring of individual reactions to drugs. Systematic follow-up is essential to monitor side effects, target outcomes and gather information from parents, teachers and the child. Yearwood, E. (2012). Child and adolescent behavioral health: a resource for advanced practice psychiatric and primary care practitioners in nursing. Wiley- Blackwell. ï‚ · Ryan-Krause, P. (2011, January - February). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Part III; Journal of Pediatric Health Care. V 25, pp

1.What are the key issues in the external and competitive environment Essay

1.What are the key issues in the external and competitive environment affecting your organisation Discuss the opportunities and threats for your organisation - Essay Example he organization by applying relevant, correct strategic management theory to determine the key issues in the external and competitive environment affecting Morrison Supermarket1 as an organization. By so doing, the paper aims also to discuss the industry opportunities and threats. Strategic management aims for attainment of corporate objectives. Strategic management theory could use the models called Porter’s five forces and SWOT to determine the external and competitive environment affecting Morrison Supermarket. Before proceeding further, therefore, we have to understand the meaning of the models. SWOT stands for strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. As to how the models relate to each other, Porter’s five forces will dissect the facts classifying the effects of the industry forces to the profitability2 of the industry. For example, the ease or difficulty of entry, which is part of the model, assumes that the presence of entry barriers is an opportunity since less competition will allow present players to have wider area for influencing prices. SWOT includes the company’s strengths and weaknesses as opportunities and threats but we are only interested on the latter. The opportunities and threats that will be derived will be used to attain corporate objectives. As to how to attain objectives, industry opportunities must be taken advantage while industry threats must be avoided or overcome. The taking of advantage will be in the nature of the strategies that need to be formulated and implemented to attain the desired objectives of Morrison Supermarket. Strategies must be prepared in relation to industry opportunity and threats as well as company’s strengths and weaknesses. However, since strengths and weaknesses are not made part of this analysis, it must made clear that any strategy that may be may not fully consider the complete model. New entrants will find few big players, which make them concentrated, making it difficult for

Letter of Recommendation Essay Example for Free

Letter of Recommendation Essay Letter of Recommendation To the applicant: Please fill in your name and the other required information below. In turn, deliver or email this form to the person who will write this letter. NOTE: Request your recommender to seal his or her letter of recommendation in an official envelope and sign across the back flap upon completion. Recommendation letters that are not sealed and signed will not be accepted. Confidential Name of Applicant: (given name) Shajeel(family name) Rasool Nationality: Pakistani Desired Degree Program Doctoral Desired Major: Electrical Engineering To the recommender: The person named above has applied for the ‘Korean Government Scholarship Program’. We ask for your assistance, and would appreciate your frank and candid appraisal of the applicant. * Please type or print clearly using black ink. 1. How long have you known the applicant and in what relationship? Please assess the applicants qualities in the evaluation table given below. Rate the applicant compared to other classmates who are/were in the same school year with him/her. How well do you think the applicant has thought out plans for graduate study? 5. Please comment on the applicant’s performance record, potential, or personal qualities which you believe would be helpful in considering the applicant’s application for the proposed degree program. Recommender’s Name Date Recommender’s Signature Position or Title: University (Institution): Address: Tel: Fax: (zip-code:-) Please return this form sealed in an official envelope and signed across the back to the applicant. We greatly appreciate your timeliness regarding this letter for your recommendee.

The Joyride :: Creative Writing Essays

The Joyride    Rain clouds began to tear themselves away from the jagged peaks of the Koolau range and rays broke through the clouds and beat down on the muddy water of Pearl Bay. Bobby glanced toward them, but his mind was elsewhere. He paced back and forth along the isolated stretch of the narrow beach. Now and then he would kick at loose pebbles along the muddy grey shoreline. For the moment, Bobby was still in his private world, consisting of little more than a strip of mud flat along one small section of the bay. But his world was about to be invaded. Chris, his best friend since kindergarten, would be showing up any minute. And Bobby knew that before this afternoon ended, their two lives, so entwined these many years, would forever be changed.    Bobby clutched a smooth black stone in his fingers. He leaned into the light breeze, preparing to skip it across the harbour waters, but stopped abruptly, remembering that the gods did not like land removed from the island. As the stone slipped from his fingers, his eyes followed the ripples that glided on and off the grey beach where he stood, then rose almost by habit to gaze once more at the Arizona Memorial stretching white and graceful, remembering painfully that this would be the last time that he would ever walk along this beautiful beach.    As his eyes watched the waves, and how they caressed the muddy shoreline, he began to think of the future. His thoughts were quickly disrupted.       â€Å"Hey bud, how's it going? What was so important that you had to talk to me about?† Chris asked.    â€Å"It's to hard. I can't go on with it.†    â€Å"What? What can't you go on with?† Chris demanded urgently.    â€Å"It's just, that, that, this will be our last weekend together†.    â€Å"Wait a minute. Slow down, your not making any sense. None at all. What do you mean that this will be our last weekend together? We have the whole entire summer planned out. Fishing next weekend, canoeing to Ford Island next month, our bike.....†    â€Å"NO STOP!!! You don't understand. My dad got transferred. We're moving.†    â€Å"But why now. School doesn't start for another two months, and colleges start even later than that!† Chris replied.    â€Å"I know, it sucks. I can't do anything about it. I've tried everything. I've even asked my parents if it would be okay to move in with my grandparents for the rest of the summer. But it's no use. They say I have to get used to the town, meet new friends,and get a job.

Trump

They homeless believe they hold the trump card of experience in the matter and believe that from their time as parents which included raising four children that they are certain spankings do not affect children in that way because their own children experienced spanking and they saw first-hand that it would cause their kids to behave better. Their logic however shows serious flaws that can be explained. Mom and Pop have a pet belief from their personal experience on this issue and their argument shows signs of confirmation bias. On Instance of this confirmation blast Is an example of a biased search.Meaning that they only searched through their own memories for cases of spankings and came to the conclusion that their children behaved better after spankings and our productive members of society so the spankings could not have had negative effects. This however is biased because only using the example of four children who grew up in the same social setting is not representative of the general population and is therefore an invalid argument. Mom and Pop now understand that their argument did not include enough data to be used as a valid argument however are not ready to totally switch sides on the matter.They ask for a report on the argument made by the study and want to know about the validity of Its findings. Upon reading the piece It becomes apparent that It too does not give everything needed to be a valid argument. It withholds the vital Information of how It went about collecting Its results. You explain to Mom and Pop that in order for such a study to be taken seriously it must explain how it received the findings that it did. They learn that much like their own downfall it is very possible that the test was done with a sample size so small that it cannot be considered representative of the people.Another issue that is once again similar to an issue of Mom and Pops argument is that of outside factors such as location, age, gender, and any other possible inf luencing factors. Finally you explain to them what data must be available in order for it to be used as evidence in a valid argument and that is the test population size, must be large enough group that it can be considered representative, and who was tested, must either be done at random (preferred) or the two groups must be matched on confounding factors so that no other outside Influences can affect the results enough to alter any findings.Mom and Pop left feeling satisfied that they now understood what was wrong with their logic and how to better their use of evidence in arguments. 2. In this situation Pat is dealing with a altering decision he is about to make so he wants to look carefully into every aspect of his decision. When breaking down his reasons he would like to carefully examine each reason. The first reason for not changing majors is that all his life Pat and his parents wanted him to be a doctor. For this instance Pat is dealing with the reputation cost of his choic e.All his life Pat has wanted to be a doctor and walking UT on that idea now may disappoint his parents. Despite his belief that they will still support him the reputation cost will take its toll. While this should be factored in by Pat it is not the most important factor. The next issue becomes the amount already invested into studying biology. Time spent studying, energy spent doing assignments, and money spent on classes. All of these investments came directly from Pats hard work and to change majors would be to throw it all away.One may think that all of these factors should be included in making such a large decision but reprovingly they are all irrelevant in the decision. This is a case of sunk costs, meaning that all of the time, money, energy, and anything else that Pat has invested into studying biology is already gone. Regardless of the decision that Pat makes on his major nothing in the past will change. Pat should be purely focusing on the future and how this decision wi ll affect that as opposed to dwelling on what has happened in the past. This leads us to our final point and this one is the most important for Pat. This notion is that of opportunity cost.To find the opportunity cost an individual must look at the options and determine which one holds the highest expected benefit. Pat is doing well in biology however is not loving the subject and does not see it as a viable career option. When it comes to physics Pat has really enjoyed the classes so far yet is unsure as to whether he will continue to be as enthusiastic about the subject. Only Pat can make his own decision and the best way to go about that is by thinking about which of the two options will yield a higher expected benefit for him in the future and pick whichever he believes is his best option.

Culture And Second Language Learning Essay

Through the conduction of studies, it has been discovered that learning a second language, particularly in a situation where second language learning is given particular importance, requires an immersion into the lingua and cultural societies of the native speakers of the second language that is to be learned (Wan 44-45). This requirement is extremely important to be followed as the immersion on the societal components of the second language of the native speakers helps the learner to obtain more hands-on learning benefits when trying to acquire second language abilities (Wan 45). Literature Review Although numerous language specialists do conclude that culture and social groups exercise great influence on the acquisition of second language abilities, these specialists are still bound to not realize that the components that involve this situation are interconnected and are not distinct entities from each other (Wan 46). It is crucial to understand that learning a second language involves factors that cannot exist without the existence of other factors (Wan 47). Most recently, it has become a trend to become immersed in the culture of the native speakers of the second language through the use of the internet (Wan 47). Numerous second language learners browse the web in order to get immersed into the native speakers’ culture (Wan 47). Numerous second language learners can definitely learn through the utilization of this method as the web has got a lot of information from around the world to offer to the browsers (Wan 47). Methodology And Data Analysis Result of the surveys participated in by English language learner students: 3 1. Methodology: They have had difficulty forming friendships due to language barriers. Data Analysis: A little over 65 % of these people have had trouble forming friendships with English native speakers in the United States due to language differences. It is often uncomfortable to form a friendship with people whom you often encounter difficulty in conversing with. An interesting conversation turns sour when you have difficulty conversing with someone. The people who face this difficulty with English native speakers often become lonely while living in the United States if they are not able to find friends that share the same language as them. 2. Methodology: They have had difficulty achieving their academic goals than they would have if their instruction at school were conducted in their native language. Data Analysis: Although non-native speakers of English who are proficient in English are the only non-English speaker foreign students who are admitted for formal academic studies at schools in America, English proficient non-native English speakers also still encounter difficulty in their academic studies than they would have if the instruction was conducted in their own language. This is such the case as the mentioned students still are not used to the English language. These students most usually converse with their circle of influence in their native language, hence, this situation causes them to become awkward in utilizing the English language in their academic studies as well. The most objective advice that can be recommended from this situation is for the students to use the English language often even when conversing with non-native English speakers who form their circle of influence. Or, it would be better if these students would be able to find native English speaker friends who would be willing to practice conversing with 4 them in English on a regular basis. It would also be helpful for these students to practice sharpening their English language writing skills through regularly utilizing writing drills. 3. Methodology: Language barriers often make the students feel a longing to go home to their country. Data Analysis: Numerous students who experience difficulty learning English in the United States are usually not able to adjust to their social environment in the country. As a result they often feel that they are social outcasts and feel that they don’t belong in the community. Because of this situation that they may get into, they may become inclined to go back to their home country. 4. Methodology: Language barriers may have the tendency to make the students inculcate a lower self-esteem. Data Analysis: The students feel that they are not smart enough as they are not able to efficiently learn a second language. This dampens their spirits of good self-esteem. 5. Methodology: These students become the targets of discrimination pranks in the United States. Data Analysis: Numerous of these students become the victims of prank jokes just because of their limited English language abilities. They are seen as vulnerable group of people as they create a self-image of being dumb or â€Å"not smart enough† due to their limited English language abilities. 6. Methodology: These students become too dependent on an English proficient relative, family member or friend while in the United States. Data Analysis: This becomes the situation as the students may not even be able to convey simple information to strangers (e. g. , giving orders at a restaurant) due to their limited 5 English language abilities. The mentioned family member, relative or friend may eventually feel that these students are becoming a burden on them as time goes on. 7. Methodology: Numerous students are reluctant to learn English as a second language because they feel that learning it would cause them to somehow exhibit disloyalty to their own language and culture. Data Analysis: It now a common trend that people do somehow paint a picture on other people as being â€Å"colonially influenced† if they try to learn a second language. This causes these second language learners to become self-conscious when trying to learn a second language. If these people become too self-conscious to learn a second language, they may also give up the pursuance of a goal to move to another country and other goals that come with it. 8. Numerous people abandon their culture altogether and adapt the culture of the native speakers of the second language that they are learning. Learning a second language ultimately also causes one to get immersed in the culture in which that language belongs. Therefore, there are times that the culture of the learners gets totally abandoned as these learners try to learn a second language. This situation is sometimes viewed negatively by others. Results Learning a second language definitely has its ups and downs. The learners would just have to weigh in whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages as a basis in making their decision to learn a second language. However, we can definitely see that as long as the teaching of the second language is executed properly, numerous students are able to learn the language efficiently and utilize their second language fluency in worthwhile activities and 6 and professions. Discussions Three questions need to be answered in order for specialists to improve second language teaching and learning (Conference Probes Second Language 1). These questions are the following (Conference Probes Second Language 1): 1. What are the strategies on research that need to be executed in the implementation of second language education in America (Conference Probes Second Language 1)? 2. What are the strategies on research on the execution of second language education in the United States that need to be improvised (Conference Probes Second Language 1)? 3. What are these research strategies that are deemed to be effective (Conference Probes Second Language 1)? Reading, writing and speaking fluency of a second language does not come automatically if one has acquired extensive knowledge on the language usage (Swiderski 4). A culture’s main foundation is the official language that comes with it (Swiderski 6). When one first learns a language, he/she automatically first learns its corresponding culture (Swiderski 6). A language mirrors its corresponding culture (Swiderski 6). However, the language and the culture are not exactly similar in every ways (Swiderski 6). Because when learning a language one learns all about its usage, its interconnected component, culture, is also being learned during the process of learning the language (Swiderski 6). Therefore, language and culture are still 7 Regarded as separate entities (Swiderski 6). We can really see that a language tells about what kind of culture it evolves in (Swiderski 13). For example, a classroom where an English language learning class is held comprises of styles and settings that tells about the culture of the country where the school that houses the classroom is located (Swiderski 13). Significant differences in the way that the English language is used among the native and non-native speakers of English are considerably noticeable (Lucas 59). However, there are some questions that arise from this conclusion (Lucas 73). These questions are the following (Lucas 73): 1. Do the students make requests to their professors directly or indirectly (Lucas 73)? 2. Is politeness evident in the way that the students make the requests (Lucas 73)? Conclusions Charles Hutchison, Lan Quach and Greg Wiggan wrote in their article entitled, â€Å"The Interface of Global Migrations, Local English Language Learning And Identity Transmutations Of The Immigrant Academician,† English language instructors who experience teaching students belonging to different cultures, experience the following culture shock situations: 1. Problems in differences in teaching and learning. 2. Problems in differences in curriculum and assessment. In the article entitled, â€Å"The Interface Of Global Migrations, Local English Language Learning And Identity Transmutations Of The Immigrant 8 Academician,† using the social-constructivist (and cognition) theories as references, instructors of English language classes experience changes in the way they view language through the following ways: 1. They may be forced to conform to the students and their circle of influences’ viewpoints and theories. 2. They may experience communication barriers. Furthermore, the authors state in the article that the English language instructors come to realize who they really are and their vocation objectives due to the following reasons: 1. They shape what types of people their students become and their students’ self-esteem. 2. They struggle in helping their students realize their own identity as a minority in the United States. 9 Works Cited Hutchison, Charles, Quach, Lan & Wiggan, Greg. â€Å"The Interface of Global Migrations, Local English Language Learning And Identity Transmutations Of The Immigrant Academician. † Forum On Public Policy: A Journal Of The Oxford Round Table (2006). Lucas, Sigrun. â€Å"Students Writing Emails To Faculty: An Examination Of E-Politeness Among Native And Non-Native Speakers Of English. † Language, Learning & Technology 11 (2007): 59, 73. Swiderski, Richard M. Teaching Language, Learning, Culture. Westport: Bergin & Garvey, 1993. Wan, Shun. â€Å"Second Language Socialization In A Bilingual Chat Room: Global And Local Considerations. † Language, Learning & Technology 8 (2004): 44-47. â€Å"Conference Probes Second Language Research Needs. † Reading Today August 2001.

Alternative vs. Traditional Fuel Sources Essays

Alternative vs. Traditional Fuel Sources Essays Alternative vs. Traditional Fuel Sources Essay Alternative vs. Traditional Fuel Sources Essay Alternative vs. Traditional Energy Sources The use of alternative energy sources versus the use of traditional energy sources has become one of the country’s, if not the world’s, most heated debate in recent years. For the purposes of this paper, the term â€Å"alternative energy† refers to any form of energy that is not derived from fossil fuels. Alternative energy sources like wind farms, solar cells, hydroelectric dams, biomass fuels, and nuclear power have been considered to be attainable sources that will be able to sustain the global population’s high demands. Traditional energy sources like oil, gas and coal are what the modern world knows and is most comfortable with, as its established fountain of fuel. Weighing the benefits and drawbacks of one power source over another is a complicated process. There are many factors to consider, including everything from understanding the environmental effects of a particular type of power production and consumption, to addressing the power needs of the people and finding methods for delivering the power. Looking at both sides of this issue and surmising which argument seems to hold more water will allow for a reasonable conclusion to be made in favor of one side versus the other. One reason why people support alternative energy sources is because they are better for the environment. As stated in Alternative Energy porcon. org â€Å"Complete elimination of CO2 could occur as early as 2040† (Can). The use of wind farms, solar-electric systems, and nuclear power plants would greatly assist in this elimination as they do not pollute the air with nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, dust or greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. It is believed that the United States should decarbonize itself and stop the spread of global warming. The global population needs to become â€Å"Greener†, which is a marketing term that means cleaner, thus no pollution is involved. Alternative energy production does not create damaging environmental impacts, unlike fossil fuel production, specifically oil. A prime example of this environmental devastation was the major crude oil spill in March 1989, with the grounding of the tanker Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, off the Alaskan coastline, spilling an estimated 10. million gallons of crude oil (Exxon). Another reason why people support alternative energy sources is because they are renewable. There are many different types of renewable energy sources, including biomass, wind, solar, hydropower, and geothermal heat. A prime example of this renewable energy source is solar energy which is naturally supported by the suns strong light as well as heat or wind energy which i s naturally supported by the earth’s global winds. Ethanol is also an excellent source of clean and renewable alternative energy. Looking at the article â€Å"Exploring new energy strategies† it was reported that a third-generation Texas oilman is leading the way to swapping oil and gas production for cleaner, renewable energy strategies (Jervis). Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources because the earth contains a finite amount of these fuels. Because energy is usable power, the sources of the energy can be used up. For example, if a power plant that generates electricity by burning coal runs out of coal, then it can no longer generate electricity until more coal is put into the power plant burners. Renewable energy, on the other hand, is energy that is replaced at the same rate that it is used. A third argument for the use of alternative energy versus traditional energies is the cost in which it takes to produce it. According to the Nuclear Energy Institute â€Å"U. S. nuclear power plants in 2006 supplied the second-highest amount of electricity in the industry’s history while achieving record-low production costs†. When looking at the numbers â€Å"nuclear-generated electricity typically clears the market for less than 2. cents/kwh (kilowatt hour)†¦as compared to the production costs alone for natural gas-fired power plants averaging 7. 5 cents/kwh† (Nuclear). Along the same lines as nuclear power generated energy is the fact that other alternative energy sources are highly cost effective. Wind and sunlight are free and hydroelectric power is very inexpensive once a dam is built. Conversely traditional gas and oil production processes are very expens ive for energy generation and there are large price swings with the burden of supply and demand. The bottom line for the global society as a whole has always been, and is foreseen to always be, about what it will cost. If a viable alternative source is identified to provide the same energy output at reduced consumer cost, it should be strongly considered if not fully implemented. A final reason why people support alternative energy sources is because they believe that renewable energy technologies will be capable of meeting the entire need for electricity in the United States as well as throughout the world. According to the U. S. Department of Energy â€Å"residential energy use in the United States will increase 25 percent by the year 2025† (Walker). It is necessary to spend the required monies on these renewable energy technologies, which will allow the country to create the needed alternative energy sources to combat this eventual increase in residential usage. An excellent example of this is the 410 million dollar construction project that includes 86 wind turbines on Wolfe Island near Cape Vincent, New York (2008). The renewable energy resources throughout the United States, let alone the entire world, are limitless and virtually untapped. It would be highly short-sighted not to entertain the notion that something other than fossil fuels would be able to meet the foreseeable growth in the global energy demand. One reason why people support fossil fuels as its energy source is due to the fact that oil, coal, and gas are available and already established in the industry for generating electricity. Even though the sun is by far the oldest source of energy, which has provided the earth with heat and light for million of years; it is fossil fuels that dominate as the world’s industrial power generator. According to Daniel Yergin â€Å"The world is not running out of oil† (29). There are trillions of barrels of oil that are yet to be recovered. This growth of oil recovery is projected to come from both OPEC (Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries) and non-OPEC members. The current energy producing industries would have to invest tremendously in establishing alternative means of production, while receiving very little on its return. One of the disadvantages that wind and solar power have, when compared with traditional methods, is that they would require the installation of multiple generation plants to meet the current demand. Furthermore, those same alternative energy technologies would require large amounts of land for small amounts of energy generation. Another reason why people support fossil fuels is because coal-produced energy is inexpensive and the technology is becoming more advanced. According to David G. Hawkins, Daniel A. Lashof, and Robert H. Williams â€Å"Implementing CCS (CO2 capture and storage) at coal-consuming plants is imperative if the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is to be kept at an acceptable level† (65). Emissions from coal-based power plants have been dramatically reduced through the use of advanced technologies, even as the use of coal for generating electricity has â€Å"nearly tripled over the last 30 years† (Hawkins 68). When looking at the numbers â€Å"Today’s coal-based electricity generating fleet is 70% cleaner than it was in 1970† (Should). Coal is at the nucleus of the long-standing debate about the energy future of the world. Many countries economic growth are largely fueled by coal, mainly due to the fact that it remains cheap and abundant; regardless of its pollution and environmental impacts. A third reason why people support fossil fuels is because drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) would reduce the nation’s dependence on foreign oil, which in turn would strengthen our nation’s economy. According to Larry E. Craig â€Å"As gas prices continue to rise and political instability in the Middle East worsens, the United States must increase its domestic oil production† ( 43). He goes on to state â€Å"The ANWR in Alaska is estimated to have as much as 16 billion barrels of oil under its coastal plain† (43). When looking at the numbers according to prices-oil. org â€Å"as of April 9th, 2009 the price per barrel of oil, most of which is imported from foreign countries, is approximately $51 and forecasted to increase in price from there† (Daily). The United States has spent an exuberant amount of taxpayer’s dollars on imported fossil fuels. It is said that this dependency will put our nation at risk if we continue to base our economy on oil imported from unstable regions of the world. A final reason why people support fossil fuels is because alternative energy sources like solar cells, wind turbines, and biomass plantations can not replace the highly reliable fossil fuel power stations that require 24 hour a day, 365 days a year usage. As stated by James Howard Kunstler â€Å"Based on everything we know right now, no combination of so-called alternative fuels or energy procedures will allow us to maintain daily life in the United States the way we have been accustomed to running it under the regime of oil† (100). Gas, oil and coal are easily obtained and have very sound distribution systems already established for the current power usage levels. Alternative power generation sources are fairly new and do not have those established distribution systems in place. It is one thing to be able to produce the necessary power the global population demands; it is another to be able to disseminate it to those who need it. There is a portion of the world’s population that supports traditional energy sources, like oil and coal versus alternative energies, like wind and solar. Those alternative energy sources suffer because they are deemed undependable and only usable as intermittent sources of energy. In many areas of the United States, alternative energy sources are not feasible, and deemed insufficient to sustain the generation plants for wind and solar requirements. Another example of this alternative energy disadvantage is ethanol, which in some circles is not believed to be a net energy producer. On the other hand, traditional energy production sources can run out. A prime example of this is when a combustion engine car runs out of gasoline, it loses its power and can no longer operate until more fuel is put into the system. At the same time, renewable energy can be replaced through natural processes or through sound management practices, and so it is a source of power that does not run out. A perfect example of this renewable alternative energy is the energy that is generated from the sun, which comes in an abundant supply everyday. A major criticism of the use of alternative fuel sources, specifically wind power, is that they are not as environmentally friendly as some have led us to believe. According to Eric Rosenbloom â€Å"Especially vulnerable are large birds of prey that like to fly in the same sorts of places that developers like to construct wind towers† (78). He goes on to mention â€Å"Noise is another big problem†¦the resulting sound of several towers together has been described to be as loud as a motorcycle, like aircraft continually passing overhead, a brick wrapped in a towel turning in a tumble drier, or as if someone was mixing cement in the sky† (81). On the other hand, fossil fuel energy sources have been the predominant source of the real pollution problem. As Stanely Scobie writes, â€Å"natural gas development is poised to begin at an intensive level†¦air pollution from drilling operations and massive withdrawals of water from rivers (used in production) show no respect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1). Coal, gas, and oil are significant contributors to acid rain, which is produced by the release of harmful carbon dioxide gases; as well as damage to the earth’s ozone layer, which is caused by the discharge of nitrous oxide. To compare the environmental impacts of these two energy producing sources, the message is clear; either the world’s population deals with a little noise or with deadly gases. The quest for faster, easier, and more efficient ways of meeting the needs of a growing human population has led to increasingly high energy demands. However, the resources currently being used for generating energy are running out. Something other than, or in addition to, traditional energy sources is required to meet the increasing needs of the world’s growing population. That something is alternative energy sources. Replacing those traditional energy sources with the likes of biomass fuels, solar cells and wind farms are the tools and technologies that are necessary to accomplish such a task. Yet, despite the aforementioned alternative tools and technologies, global industries still obtain most of their energy sources from fossil fuels. The world deserves options when it comes to energy sources. Its citizens have the right to choose what can and will provide what is needed to ensure that future generations have a cleaner and safer environment while sustaining their energy needs. Throughout recorded history, humans have searched for ways of putting energy to work for their benefit. For the past few decades the nation, as well as the world, has become increasingly aware of its energy usage and the effects it has had on the environment and the earth as a whole. In addition, it is apparent that the United State’s dependence on foreign oil is creating some meaningful ramifications for its economic structure as well as its national security configuration. Currently the argument remains that the continued use of traditional energy sources is still the way for the global population to proceed to meet the earth’s overwhelming needs, but the need for alternative means can not be ignored. It is a discussion that has many pros and cons which continue to be debated on both sides of this passionate topic. Solutions to our energy problems do exist, but it will take a variety of alternative technologies and the willingness to change how the earth’s energy is to be found. Change is not always easy or attainable, but in some cases, like this one, it is a goal that is increasingly necessary and ultimately accomplishable. â€Å"2008 U. S. Great Lakes Seaway Ports Tonnage-Traffic Review. † Seaway Compass Newsletter. Winter 2009. 31 Mar. 2009 . â€Å"Can Alternative Energy Effectively Replace Fossil Fuels? † ProCon. org. 31 Mar. 2009 . Craig, Larry E. â€Å"Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Would Reduce U. S. Dependence on Foreign Oil. † Is the World Heading toward an Energy Crisis? Ed. Daniel A. Leone. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven, 2006. 43-47. â€Å"Daily Oil Prices. † WTI Daily Chart. 9 Apr. 2009 . â€Å"Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. † History Facts Valdez, Alaska. 26 Apr. 2009 . Hawkins, David G. , Daniel A. Lashof, and Robert H. Williams. Clean Coal Technology is the Future of Energy. † Coal. Ed. Michael Logan. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven, 2008. 62-74. Jervis, Rick. â€Å"Exploring New Energy Strategies. † USA Today 12 Mar. 2009: A3. Kunstler, James Howard. The Long Emergency: Surviving the Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-First Century. New York: Atlantic Monthly, 2005. Nuclear Energy Institute. â€Å"Record-Low Production Cost For Nuclear Powe r. † The Energy Bog. 20 Feb. 2007. 26 Apr. 2009 . Rosenbloom, Eric. â€Å"The Use of Wind Energy Should Not Be Increased. What Energy Sources Should Be Pursued? Ed. Stuart A. Kallen. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven, 2005. 73-85. Scobie, Stanley. â€Å"Natural Gas Rush: It’s Time for the Feds to Step Up. † Sierra Atlantic Spring 2009: 1+. â€Å"Should the US Use Clean Coal as an Energy Source? † ProCon. org. 31 Mar. 2009 . Walker, Cameron. â€Å"The Future of Alternative Energy. † National Geographic. 28 Oct. 2004. 1 Apr. 2009 . Yergin, Daniel. â€Å"The World is Not Running Out of Oil. † Energy Alternatives. Ed. Barbara Passero. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven, 2006. 29-39.

Manor Definition, Significance in the Medieval Period

Manor Definition, Significance in the Medieval Period The medieval manor, also known as vill from the Roman villa, was an agricultural estate. During the Middle Ages, at least four-fifths of the population of England had no direct connection with towns. Most people did not live on single farms as they still do today, but instead, they were associated with a manor- a social and economic powerhouse of the Middle Ages.   A manor was usually comprised of tracts of agricultural land, a village whose inhabitants worked that land, and a manor house where the lord who owned or controlled the estate lived. Manors might also have had woods, orchards, gardens, and lakes or ponds where fish could be found. On the manor lands, usually near the village, one could often find a mill, bakery, and blacksmithy. Manors were largely self-sufficient. Size and Composition Manors varied greatly in size and composition, and some were not even contiguous plots of land. They generally ranged in size from 750 to 1,500 acres. There might be more than one village associated with a large manor; on the other hand, a manor could be small enough that only part of a villages inhabitants worked the estate. Peasants worked the lords demesne (the property farmed outright by the lord) for a specified number of days a week, usually two or three. On most manors there was also land designated to support the parish church; this was known as the glebe. The Manor House Originally, the manor house was an informal collection of wood or stone buildings including a chapel, kitchen, farm buildings and, of course, the hall. The hall served as the meeting place for village business and it was where the manorial court was held. As the centuries passed, manor houses became more strongly defended and took on some of the features of castles, including fortified walls, towers, and even moats. Manors were sometimes given to knights as a way to support them as they served their king. They could also be owned outright by a nobleman or belong to the church. In the overwhelmingly agricultural economy of the Middle Ages, manors were the backbone of European life. A Typical Manor: Borley, 1307 Historical documents of the period give us a fairly clear account of medieval manors. The most detailed is that of the extent, which described the tenants, their holdings, rents, and services, which was compiled on testimony by a sworn jury of inhabitants. The extent was completed whenever a manor changed hands.   A typical account of the holdings is that of the manor of Borley, which was held in the early fourteenth century by a freeman named Lewin and described by American historian E.P. Cheney in 1893. Cheney reports that in 1307, Borley manor changed hands, and documents enumerated the holdings of the 811 3/4 acre estate.  That acreage included: Arable lands, 702 1/4 acresMeadow, 29 1/4 acresEnclosed pasture, 32 acresWoods, 15 acres  Manor house land, 4 acresTofts (homesteads) of two acres each, 33 acres   The possessors of the manor lands were described as demesne (or that which was farmed outright by Lewin) including a total of 361 1/4 acres; seven freeholders held a total of 148 acres; seven molmen held 33 1/2 acres, and 27 villeins or customary tenants held 254 acres. Freeholders, molmen, and villeins were Medieval classes of tenant farmers, in descending order of prosperity, but without clear-cut boundaries that changed over time.  All of them paid rents to the lord in the form of a percentage of their crops or labor on the demesne. The total annual value of the estate to the lord of the manor of Borley in 1307 was listed as 44 pounds, 8 shillings, and 5 3/4 pence. That amount was about twice what Lewin would have needed to be knighted, and in 1893 dollars was about U.S. $2,750 a year, which today equals about $75,000.   Sources Cheyney, E. P. The Medià ¦val Manor. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 4 (1893): 75-91. Print. Dodwell, B. The Free Tenantry of the Hundred Rolls. The Economic History Review 14.2 (1944): 163-71. Print. Klingelhà ¶fer, Eric. Manor, Vill, and Hundred: The Development of Rural Institutions in Early Medieval Hampshire. Montreal: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies Overton, Eric. A Guide to the Medieval Manor. London: Local History Publications, 1991. Print

Commercial and investment banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Commercial and investment banking - Essay Example One of the latest trends experienced in the banking industry is the internationalization of banking institutions. As much as it comes with a variety of advantages, it has several disadvantages worth noting. To start with, there is increased competition in the local banking industry thus posing a challenge to locally based banks. Small local customers previously served by local investment banks are now being targeted by huge international banks in search of new clientele in the global market (Crocket 2001, p.1). Moreover, the cost of gathering information is becoming increasingly high coupled with the cost of regulation. Most banks operating on the international arena are facing extremely high operating cost affecting their profitability negatively (the economist 2015, p.1). It is the duty of the headquarters to monitor the operations of all its subsidiaries and comply with regulation requirement of the host country when setting up subsidiaries. The more subsidiaries a bank have the higher the cost of monitoring and regulation. Further, just like establishing any other business unit initial capital is required and at times may be too high. Different countries have different regulations concerning the initial capital investment required before a new firm can be granted operation permission. As such, international banking institutions are at risk of high initial capital investment especially where a huge amount is required to act as security for the customers’ deposits in case of liquidation.

Movie The Doctor Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Doctor - Movie Review Example He did not disclose the complete truth about his medical condition to his wife. This is mainly because he thinks that by lying he is not getting into any trouble. Dr Jack is applying the utilitarian view of lying, he thinks that by lying to his wife "will cause no harm and thus is he thinks it is not wrong" (lecture). However, later he realises that if he had told the truth to his wife he could have got her support. Second situation where Dr Jack takes the support of lying is when he was in the waiting room and met another patient June who is dying of Grade IV brain tumor (Glioblastoma). June was expressing her complaints that they have not found her tumor sooner because of the system. Though Dr Jack new all along that a better test should have been done, he lied when he gave false hope to June. He mentioned that one of his patients had same condition and is now a grandfather, but later June realizes that Jack lied to her. Here Jack applies the social context of lying (lecture). As Nietzsche stated in the lecture "Not that you lied to me but that I no longer believe you, has shaken me". June no longer trusted Jack since that incident. Jack came to his senses and realized that he was not a doctor at that time and that he is just a regular patient waiting to be called for there appointment . Never the less June and Jack later develop a unique relationship which helped Jack to transform into a new person. Jack became sensitive and a better person throughout the battle of his cancer.Third situation in the movie where lying is taken as a support is in the professional partnership. Jack and his partner had a great professional relationship together. But when Jack found out that his partner was trying to cover up a case of malpractice, their relationship fell apart. As the lecture about social context of lying states that "It is not the breaking of a principle nor is the corruption of an individual character, rather, relationship compromised and corrupted". This is true with Jack and his partner. Jack's trust to his partner is lost and their relationship was compromised. The movie is a lesson to every one. It emphasizes that what ever be the case, it is always important to be honest and truthful. This is a lesson that is true to my experience and is especially true when it comes to the relationship with my patients. Lying has several negative consequences in our lives. As in the movie especially in the above three situation lying is portrayed as a wrong practice because it constitutes a breach of trust linked to a particular situation and personal relationship between people (lecture). How much of the lecture and the movie have you seen in your practice Being in the medical field for 12 years, I have seen how patients, doctors, families, nurses and other medical personnel look at illness. I could easily relate with my experience in the movie because I have seen many Doctors like Dr Jack who treats their patients and nursing staff in a rude or inhuman manner. There are also many doctors and surgeons who are arrogant with success and affluence. This movie is a lesson for all of them. There are doctors and surgeons who have poor bedside manner, does not respect nurses and yet they are well respected with their work. Some

Discussing the key points of the movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussing the key points of the movie - Essay Example The main point of this movie is about doing a favor for someone and then expecting that good deed to be paid forward. Unconsciously, Trevor’s act of kindness was paid forward to many people. It was a cycle and an act of kindness which was unbroken, reaching people he did not know and who did not know him. But indeed, it started with his act of kindness. One of the other main points which have to be considered for this movie is the bravery which Trevor took on in his act of kindness. His good deed could have been scoffed and rejected by other people. This was a risk he took when he paid the favor forward, but he took the risk anyway. He was resolute in his belief that his good deed would merit more good deeds from other people; and this braveness and firm resolution became infectious, and was able to transcend his simple act of kindness. Another important point of the story is that people are basically good and kind. All that is needed perhaps is a trigger for this kindness to emerge. The trigger was Trevor. Even if people were most likely scoffing at his plans and his acts of kindness, deep inside, they probably also wanted to see how their own acts of kindness would affect other people. This goodness can emerge when people are also brave enough to pay a favor forward. A single act of resolute braveness can change a person’s mindset. It can transform him from a cynical person to one who is more inclined to believe in people’s basic goodness. These various points resonate in society today, in the sense that, it is also difficult and seemingly unimaginable for people to extend acts of kindness to other people. There is a certain cynicism among people about paying a favor forward or even basically doing a simple act of kindness. Some find it corny, others immediately ask what is in it for them, and others ask what the act of kindness would cost them in the future. It is with these cynical beliefs which make it also difficult to

John Cheever: The Five-Forty- Eight | Analysis

John Cheever: The Five-Forty- Eight | Analysis John Cheevers The Five-Forty- Eight explores how actions have consequences through his portrayal of the character Blake. Blake is introduced in the story as a heartless, selfish, and immoral man who is the victim of a stalking by an obviously upset woman. While married he has had a one night stand with Miss Dent, his secretary, and then he had her fired. He believed that Her diffidence, the feeling of deprivation in her point of view, promised to protect him from consequences (Cheever 319). Unfortunately for him, Miss Dent is mentally impaired. Therefore, she seeks revenge by stalking him and then holding him at gun-point on a train near his home. Through the character Blake, Cheever uses irony, imagery, and flashbacks to stage this story in order to demonstrate that actions have consequences, but not all who experience aftermath, even negative aftermath, change from it. Blake, like a predator, seeks out weak women to quench his sexual appetite, and he has no emotional attachment to any of them. The story shows that he observed Miss Dent for awhile before he decided to use her being lonely to his benefit. Harold Blooms summary of the story puts it well; Bloom states that He is interested in his secretary because of the power that he has over her, because she imagines his life as full of friendships, money, and a large and loving family and herself has a peculiar feeling of deprivation. He has gotten used to this scandalous life style because Miss Dent is not the first woman to be seduced by him: Most of the many women he had known had been picked for their lack of self-esteem.(Cheever 319) It is not surprising that he commits adultery because he does not value his marriage and does not care how it will affect his wife. Through Cheevers use of flashbacks, scenes from a characters past that identify who the character used to be or some significant background information about that character that explains why the character is presently, a reader can see who Blake really is. He reveals Blakes relationship with his wife through Blakes flashbacks. In this flashback, Blake is married to Louise Blake for possibly 8-10 years. Also, the reader is introduced to Mrs. Compton, Louises neighbor and confidant, whom Louise Blake would go to whenever she was troubled by her husbands quarrelling. Apparently, he has decided not to speak to her for two weeks because she did not fix him supper one night. Although she cries and pleads for forgiveness, her tears do not penetrate his concrete heart. Now that she is old, it seems as if the only thing that attracted him was her physical beauty. He has lost the love she believes he might have had for her at first. A close, tearful, and broken heart is not important to Blake. Through flashbacks like the one just mentioned, the reader observes that Blake has not changed because his wifes tears are not the only ones he has caused. A previous flashback lets the reader know that after the one night stand Blake had with Miss Dent, she was weeping. He felt too contented and warm and sleepy to worry much about her tears (Cheever 319). Despite Miss Dents crying, probably because of the sense of betrayal and no future with her lover, Blake remains content. He also has destroyed all possible friendships with his neighbors and people, yet he is still satisfied. Blakes unfeeling attitude is part of his non-changing, or static character. In this story, Cheever uses situational irony to show that Blakes actions have not gone unpunished. Situational irony is when the expected outcome is different than the actual outcome. He does this in a canny fashion. In the story to evade Miss Dent, Blake took the local train The Five-Forty-Eight, where he is sitting in a car alone trying to avoid speculation or remorse of Miss Dent. While sitting, he sees a piece of yellow light in the break of clouds that would normally signify freedom, a safe haven, or refuge. However, the story does not end there. Someone calls him, and it is Miss Dent. The irony is present in that he seems to have successfully evaded his stalker but apparently he hasnt and Cheever unveils just how big of a trap he is in as she sits next to him. Ironically, his neighbors are in the same train car, but they reasonably pay no attention to him but he needs their help. He is trapped with his insane stalker that clearly wants to eradicate him from the worldnot to era se him physically, but to change his soul. Despite the frenzied nature of her accusation, she is quite accurate in her judgment, if there are devils in this world, if there are people in this world who represent evil, is it our duty to exterminate them? I know that you always prey on weak people He feels nothing and she feels too much.(Bloom) Oddly, although checked by a gun, this normally unnerving situation does not faze him. To help him understand her hurt, she tells him of her damaged life after him. She begins to say how sick she has been and that she has had no job since. Then she tells him that she should kill him and her only punishment would to be readmitted into the mental hospital. She makes him read a letter that she was too sick to mail out to him while holding the pistol to his belly. Soon the train arrives at Shady Hill, his stop. Ironically, the name Shady Hill implies nothingness, and a place that readers liken to a forgotten graveyard where nothing changes. This is the place Blake comes from. Here they get off and Miss Dent forces him to the ground and after ignoring her voice for the train on the third scream, Kneel down! He got on his knees. (Cheever 325) Now it would seem that she has taught him a lesson. Examination of the text before and after his prostration reveal why Blake got down on his knees and did not escape Miss Dent in the first place. Before they exit the train in lines 30-35, Miss Dent interrupts his escape, Dont try and escape me. I have a pistol and Ill have to kill you and I dont want to. All I want to do is talk with you. Dont move or Ill kill you. Dont, dont, dont! (Cheever) Then Blakes body language shows he has entered survival mode. The only way to survive at gun point is to do what the gun holder wants you to do and that is what he did. Then after they exit the train and he prostrates himself in lines 60-end, she says, if you do what I say, I wont harm you Now, he knows he will not die if he does as she says. Then he realizes her motive I really dont want to harm you, I want to help you, but when I see your face is seems to me that I cant help you if I called to show you the right way, you wouldnt heed meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Put your face in the dirt!(Cheever) She ha d to say it twice to make him do it. In between that he had time to think of what he had to do to make her believe that he was a changed man and that her mission was accomplished. He knew that what he did next would satisfy her He stretched out on the ground, weeping. Now, I feel better, she said. When Miss Dent leaves, he fakes to get up warily at first, until he saw by her attitude, her looks, that she had forgotten him; that she had completed what she had wanted to do, and that he was safe. He got to his feet and picked up his hat from the ground where it had fallen and walked home. These actions show no remorse rather, this play that he performed so well fulfilled its purpose, self- preservation. In The Five-Forty-Eight Blake is introduced as a helpless victim of a stalking by a deranged woman. John Cheever uses informational flashbacks, situational irony, and clever imagery to show that actions have consequences. Blake has tricked and seduced his secretary, Miss Dent, whom he had fired, into having a one night stand with him, while he was married. This action along with many others shows that hurting others is no problem for him. The background information shows that he has grown a stubborn stone heart and he is a static character. Harold puts it best in his summary But then the gun is taken away, he gets up, and sees that Miss Dent is small, common, and harmless. These words, coupled with his final act, and long lifestyle of heartless selfishness and callous abuse of others shows the reader that Blake rises from the ground as the same man. (Bloom) What Is British Humour? What Is British Humour? In popular culture, British humour is a somewhat general term applied to certain types of comedy and comedic acts from the United Kingdom. Many UK comedy TV shows typical of British humour have become popular all around the world, and for good or bad, have become strong representatives of British culture to an international audience. Also, it is expressed through a lot of books, comic cartoons, and all the media. The British sense of humour is an ability to laugh at ourselves and others. It is not based on any particular belief or attempts to put any person or group down, but merely to observe some of our own odd habits and mannerisms which once highlighted in this way prove to be funny. It is unique in the sense that non-British people will not find any of it funny the first time they hear it. It is dry, it is sarcastic, and sometimes dark and macabre. Emotions are often not shown, and at first sight, most of the humour is hidden deep in the messages of the people expressing it. British humour has helped the rest of the world to understand British people, and to get to know them better, and it is one of the most recognizable elements of the British culture. What are the themes of British humour? A strong theme of sarcasm and self-deprecation, often with deadpan delivery, runs throughout British humour. Emotion is often buried under humour in a way that seems insensitive to other cultures. Jokes are told about everything and almost no subject is taboo, though often a lack of subtlety when discussing controversial issues is considered crass. Many UK comedy TV shows typical of British humour have been internationally popular, and have been an important channel for the export and representation of British culture to the international audience.  [2]   There is a variety of themes that are used to express British humour. Some of them are naturally used more, some less, but essentially, all of them form a unique type of humour. One significant element in the British sense of humour is that they dare to tell jokes about everything. No topic seems to be taboo as long some people laugh about it. A large part of British jokes is at someone elses expense. British jokes often include a sort of wordplay that is based on multiple meanings of a word. Over the last couple of decades, the best representative of British humour has been the television, and the BBC. Through many TV shows, they have portrayed the typical British men and women, their everyday life, their culture, and their sense of humour. The most used themes for British TV comedy are: Smut and innuendo with sexual explicitness and scatological themes (used a lot in British sitcoms of the 70s) Disrespect to members of the establishment and authority (through satire) The absurdity and banality of everyday life (very often, and most successful, Monty Python, The Mighty Boosh, Red Dwarf etc.) The embarrassment of social ineptitude (Mr. Bean comedy TV series) Making fun of foreigners is especially common in television sitcoms and films. (It can be seen in TV comedy series Allo Allo!, which mocked several national stereotypes, the British and the French.) British jokes often include a sort of wordplay that is based on multiple meanings of a word.) Macabre or dark humour, in which topics and events which are usually treated seriously are treated in a humorous manner. Humour inherent in everyday life, which is the humour, not necessarily apparent to the participants (Only Fools and Horses, The Office, The IT Crowd) British class system, where class tension between characters has been shown through comical situations ( most famous, Blackadder) Racial jokes and stereotypes ( Englishman, Scotsman and the Irishman jokes are the most popular, and also the stereotypes involving the French and the German people) Most popular TV comedy shows in Britain Monty Python First, the most important, and the most popular comedy show in Britain is certainly the Monty Python Flying Circus. Monty Python comedy group is considered to be the main pillar of British humour. The groups influence on comedy can be compared to The Beatles influence on music. The group is best known for its absurd humour that is also called pythonesque which has become a byword in surreal humour, and is included in English language dictionaries. Monty Pythons Flying Circus was comedy sketch show that combined surreal skits, deep sarcasm and dark humour. It has been called the most influential TV comedy of the post-war era  [3]  . Besides the TV series, they made movies such as the ,, Monty Python and The Holy Grail and the famous ,,Life of Brian with its song, Always look on the bright side of life. Mr Bean When it comes to embarrassment or social ineptitude, no one can beat Mr Bean. It is a television comedy starring Rowan Atkinson. The series follows the exploits of Mr. Bean, described by Atkinson as a child in a grown mans body, in solving various problems presented by everyday tasks and often causing disruption in the process. Bean rarely speaks, and the largely physical humour of the series is derived from his interactions with other people and his unusual solutions to situations.  [4]  The show has had a huge international success, and it has had a spin-off in form of an animated cartoon and a couple of films that were well-received by the audience. Only Fools and Horses This classic comedy show belongs to the category of Humour in everyday life and its characters are so called loveable rogues. These characters are people who have a lot of wrong characteristics, a lot of flaws, and yet we love them, even if sometimes we fail to see why. Del Boy and Rodney Trotter are just these types of characters. The show itself is about a family of two brothers and their grandfather, who are trying to get rich by selling cheap, contraband merchandise, that is either stolen, or low quality. They come from Peckham, and they have a strong Cockney accent, which became worldwide famous after the show.The series had an impact on English culture, contributing several words and phrases to the English language. It spawned an extensive range of merchandise, including books, DVDs, toys and board games. A spin-off series, The Green, Green Grass, ran for four series in the UK from 2005 to 2009.  [5]   Popular British jokes As said before, not a lot of people get British jokes, and not a lot of people find them funny. It is not the kind of humour that slaps you in the face, but you have to have a knowledge of a certain political, social and historical references in order to understand the humour. Also, some non-British people will not be able to understand it simply because they are not British. Others might, but they wont find it funny. Still, it has been widely accepted as one of the best types of national humour in the world, and the internet and the new TV shows are making it even more popular and accepted. Finally, here are some examples of classical British jokes, hope you will find them funny. What is the longest word in the English language? Smiles. Because there is a mile between its first and last letters! An Englishman, roused by a Scots scorn of his race, protested that he was born an Englishman and hoped to die an Englishman. Man, scoffed the Scot, hiv ye nae ambeetion (Have you no ambition)? An English man and an Irish man are driving head on , at night, on a twisty, dark road. Both are driving too fast for the conditions and collide on a sharp bend in the road. To the amazement of both, they are unscathed, though their cars are both destroyed. In celebration of their luck, both agree to put aside their dislike for the other from that moment on. At this point, the Englishman goes to the boot and fetches a 12 year old bottle of whisky. He hands the bottle to the Irish man, whom exclaims, may the Irish and the English live together forever, in peace, and harmony. The Irish man then tips the bottle and gulps half of the bottle down. Still flabbergasted over the whole thing, he goes to hand the bottle to the Englishman, whom replies: no thanks, Ill just wait till the Police get here!  [6]